218 FOOD PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS AT 
patents in England and in the United States, will result in the produc- 
tion of nothing but scrap, unequally decarbonised, and incapable of 
being either cast, balled, or utilised in any way. 
Mr. Bessemer was also the first to suggest and to patent the process 
of recarbonisation, both by running cast-iron into a decarbonised iron 
and by other means, and the process of alloying manganese in connec- 
tion with the pneumatic process. There are now seventeen extensive 
Bessemer steel works in Great Britain. At the works of the Barrow 
Steel Company, 1 ,200 tons per week of finished steel can be turned out, 
and when their new converting-house, containing twelve more five-ton 
converters is completed, these magnificent works will be capable of pro- 
ducing weekly from 2,000 to 2,400 tons of cast-steel. There are at 
present erected and in course of erection in England no less than sixty 
converting vessels, each capable of producing from three to ten tons at a 
single charge. When in regular operation, these vessels are capable of 
producing fully 6,000 tons of steel weekly, or equal to fifteen times the 
entire production of cast steel in Great Britain before the introduction 
of the Bessemer process. The average selling price of this steel is at 
least 20£. per ton below the average price at which cast-steel was sold at 
the period mentioned. With the present means of production, there- 
fore, a saving of no less than 6,240, 000Z. per annum may be effected in 
Great Britain alone, even in this infant state of the Bessemer steel 
manufacture. 
FOOD PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS AT THE DUBLIN 
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1865. 
From the Reports of the J urors submitted to the Executive Committee 
we extract reports on. two sections, one by Dr. Charles A. Cameron on 
" Substances Used as Food," and the other on " Chemical and Pharma- 
ceutical Processes and Products Generally," by C. R. C. Tichborne, 
F.C.S., F.R.G.S., Chemist to the Apothecaries Hall of Ireland. 
I. — Substances used as Food. 
Although, from an aesthetical point of view, the " Substances Used 
an Food " do not form a very attractive feature of the Exhibition, they 
nevertheless constitute one of the most important — in one sense the 
most important — collection of articles shown therein. If the great 
object of the Exhibition be to render facile, pleasurable, and popular a 
knowledge of the resources of foreign and colonial countries — to exhibit 
the condition of their agriculture, arts, and manufactures in comparison 
with that oi our own industries — then the " food substances " shown in 
