412 THE TIMBER TREES AND USEFUL PLANTS 
seen in this forest, as the worth of its wood prevents it from attaining 
any size where anything like indiscriminate felling is allowed. Of situ 
there are extensive groves of young trees along the banks of streams and 
stream-beds and on islands ; just as on the Chandnee chauk islands of 
the Sardah and along that and other rivers in Oudh this tree grows in 
great quantity in such places there. But here hardly a tree of any size 
is to be seen, whether from the fact that the constant shifting of the beds 
by freshets prevents the saplings from ever attaining full growth, or be- 
cause they are invariably cut down so soon as they become at all fit for 
use, it is difficult to say. Probably, both causes unite to account for the 
phenomenon, but I believe considerable effect must be attributed, to the 
the latter, seeing that those trees which do escape being drifted away by 
floods, must, if left alone, attain at least the respectable size of those in 
the open plain which grow under less favourable circumstances. At the 
same time it may be that the inhospitable sub-soil has a peculiarly de- 
leterious effect on this tree. Just as the climate here outside the Siwa- 
liks has on the sal. 
The following are the trees which so far as regards their uses here, 
must be reckoned of inferior or third-rate quality for general purposes, 
although some of them are considered valuable in other parts of India. 
pddal (19), semal (20), dhauri (40), kharpat (68), humhar (69), beram 
(81), lakli (83), huldu (90), keirn (91), jingan (95), sein (98), jaman (119), 
papri (133), and beri (137). The frequency or rarity of each of these 
with their qualities, has already been sufficiently noted in the general 
list. Knar (80), and duddhi (136), from their colour, texture, and soft- 
ness, are useful for wood-carving, and dolduk (55), is of value to the 
sieve-maker. 
The only other timber I need here specially mention is the ebony, 
tendu (49). It is very difficult to get exact information on such a point 
from natives, but I have no doubt but that this tree is gradually getting 
worked out in the Bijnour forest, although the manufacture of the boxes, 
&c, which are made from it is confined to one place (Nugeena) and their 
sale is by no means actively pushed. 
Besides the timber and minor products there are two sources of 
f oi est revenue which require notice. One of these consists of the fees 
for wild elephants caught (50/. on each) which produce several hundred 
rupees a year, and the other, of grazing fees, which are of considerably 
greater importance. The grazing-rate charged by the contractors is 
10/ a year for 100 cattle, 20/ for 100 buffaloes, and 4/ a year for a herd 
(i. e. y as many as are kept under one chhappar) of sheep or goats ; a fee 
of from one to four annas is also imposed on each hide exported. I 
have no certain information as to the annual amount that is raised from 
this source, but it must be very large from the great numbers of cattle 
which are brought from both hill and plain, especially the former, to 
graze during the cold season. Their number is at present on the in- 
