Krupp’s Steel Works at Essen. 197 
carefully selected. The iron is converted into steel by 
puddling; a small quantity of cemented steel being occa- 
sionally used. A little malleable iron is made by a modi- 
fication of Bessemer’s process, but no steel. Mr. Bessemer 
offered his patent to Krupp as I understand, but it was 
then in its infancy, and was not considered so promising as 
to divert the attention of the latter from his own speciality 
—viz., the puddling process. He has not, therefore, carried 
it to such a forward condition as has been attained by some 
of our ironmasters at home. 
Though the spiegeleisen contains so large a proportion 
of manganese, a mere trace is left after puddling, as shown 
by Mr. Abel’s analysis given below: 
Carbon combined ... ae ace Hee 1°18 
Silicon Las Bei be Be Lay G32 
sulphur ~~... ee tl ee Oo none 
Phosphorus e me ee ve, 0°02 
Manganese re oe Mi trace 
Cobalt and Nickel. Ae Se eae O'l2 
€opper* =... ie ee a 0°30 
Iron (by difference) Pee ue Je OOrO5 
100°00 
The puddling I did not see, but was assured that there 
is no material difference from the process well known in 
Sheffield, though some of the details vary somewhat. The 
metal which is to be worked into guns and other products 
required to stand sudden shock must, of course, be softer 
than for such as have only to resist steady rubbing work, 
and this softness is attained by mixing a certain proportion 
of wrought iron with the steel to be melted for casting. 
Both iron and steel are rolled out into small bars, cut into 
lengths of about six inches, and placed in plumbago 
crucibles, of a shape similar to the “ French crucible,” con- 
taining from 30 lb. to 60 lb. of metal ineach. The smaller 
quantity of the metal is to be soft, as this is more difficult 
to melt and to manage than the hard. 
Though the manufacture of Krupp’s crucibles was once 
a valuable secret, and the form of secrecy is still kept up, 
I believe that Mr. Krupp would not now deny the truth of 
Dr. Percy’s assertion, that “ Those now made by Mr. Ruel, 
* Mr. Pieper, manager of Krupp’s works, informed me that 
analysis made at Essen gives copper trace to 0°15. 
