by the Pneumatic Process. 239 
sults of tolerable uniformity as to the hardness or temper 
of the steel produced. The effect of adding Spiegel-Eisen 
to Bessemer metal is as follows:—The metallic manganese 
by its superior affinity to oxygen, deoxygenates the decar- 
bonized metal, and renders it sound and free from red- 
shortness. The carbon of the Spiegel-Eisen steelifies the 
mixture, and improves it when stiff or hard metal is re- 
quired. The iron of the Spiegel-Eisen adds to the weight 
of the charge, and may therefore be considered as a gain to 
nearly the amount of its weight. The silicon which is found 
in Spiegel-Eisen has the effect of reducing the boiling or 
agitation of the pneumatized metal, when poured into 
moulds, and is therefore beneficial, and is not present to any 
injurious extent in Spiegel-Eisen. The hardness or temper 
of the Bessemer steel may be increased at pleasure by in- 
creasing the dose of Spiegel-Eisen. When Spiegel-Eisen is 
added to Bessemer metal containing sulphur and the pneu- 
matic blast is turned on so as to eliminate the carbon and 
manganese of the Spiegel-Eisen, a portion of the sulphur of 
the pneumatised iron is carried off by the manganese, and 
thus by repeated additions of Spiegel-Eisen, and subsequent 
elimination of its manganese, pneumatised cast iron may 
be wholly desulphurised. In a similar manner Bessemer 
metal containing phosphorus may be de-phosphorised by 
employing Titanic pig iron in repeated doses, to eliminate 
the phosphorus, and when both sulphur and phosphorus 
are present, both may be eliminated by repeated additions 
of Spiegel-Eisen and Titanic pig iron, the pneumatic blast 
being turned on after each such addition made to the cast 
iron. The pneumatic process of Mr. Bessemer, in conjunc- 
tion with my Spiegel-Eisen, is producing a revolution in the 
engineering world, and in all the departments of art depen- 
dent upon engineering, to an extent almost incredible, and 
the magnitude of its ultimate effects, it is impossible fully to 
forsee or calculate upon. Mr. Bessemer’s name will be re- 
membered in connection with this, the greatest metallurgical 
invention, the world has ever seen, and I venture to hope 
that I may not be wholly forgotten as having supplied the 
link which was wanting to render Mr. Bessemer’s process 
what it now is. As I had had much experience in matters 
relating to the steel manufactury, it was not surprising that 
I should at once have been able to devise the remedy for 
the single defect which marred the success of the pneuma- 
tic process at the outset. 
