Mr Livingstone on the Thermal Spri/ngs of Yom-Mack. 159 
species of which we had no opportunity of determining. Soon 
afterwards these began to be mixed with Criniim Asiaticum of 
a large size, Acantlius ilicifolius, also very large, Clerodendrum 
trichotomum, Pandanus odoratissimus. Euphorbia antiquorum ? 
and soon gave place entirely to these plants, which continued in 
great profusion, with occasionally a few rushes, and patches of 
cotton-grass, till we reached the springs. 
These are situated within 100 yards of the right margin of 
the river, near a considerable rivulet. The land is quite Hat, 
and about six feet above the level of the river at high-water. 
The soil is commonly alluvial clay, mixed near the springs with 
various proportions of carbonaceous matter and sand, which 
gives a considerable variety to the colour ; that next the hottest 
springs being almost black, while round the more temperate it 
is only grey. 
We had only three springs pointed out to us. The first and 
largest appeared to be covered with a cloud of steam, and could 
be approached with facility, the ground being quite firm : it was 
in a state of most active ebullition ; columns of steam, arising 
from a depth of ten feet, impressed on the mind a sublime effect. 
The estimated diameter of this well is thirty feet ; and it dis- 
charges at least fifteen gallons of water a minute. We per- 
ceived no particular smell ; and the plants already mentioned 
grew quite close to the margin of fully one-half of its circumfe- 
rence. Its temperature is 150“’ Fahr. ; the Portuguese account 
makes it 160°, and the temperature of the ground throughout 
the neighbouring swamps 85°.^ 
Within about thirty paces of the spring just mentioned, we 
examined another spring, the temperature of which we found to 
be 132° Fahr. 
The third well is distant from the first sixty paces, as ascer- 
tained by the Portuguese clergyman, but the shrubs having in- 
terrupted their way since their last visit, we were obliged to make 
a circuit of not less than the third of a mile when we reached 
the smallest, but by far the most active spring, of an oblongs 
shape, about two feet deep, and eight or nine feet round. The 
temperature of this Mr Reeves ascertained to be 186° Fahr., 
my Portuguese account makes it 190°. Its smallness no doubt 
subjects this well to considerable variation of temperature. Mr 
