^96 Mr G ladstone’s Method of Propelling Steam-Boats. 
iron, provided with studs or teeth round the whole circumference 
of each wheel, as represeaited in the figure at A. The distance 
between the two wheels of each pair, must be in proportion to 
the intended length of the floats or paddles. The propelling 
power is to be communicated to the shafts by the usual means, 
and thus a rotatory motion is given to both pairs of wheels. 
^4?, Two cast-iron wheels, with their circumference smooth, 
are fixed on an axle on each side of the vessel at B ; their axles 
are to be of sufficient length to allow the two wheels of each 
pair to be fixed at the proper distance for receiving the chains 
and paddles j which are to pass over. 
Sd, Two endless chains are applied to the wheel, as in the 
figure at DD, so that one passes round each of the stud- wheels, 
and its corresponding plain wheel. Across these chains the 
paddles or floats are fixed, and betw een each pair of paddles the 
two chains are connected by cross bars of wood or iron, which 
are parallel to the paddles, and are securely bolted to both 
chains, so as to keep them at a proper distance, to suit them to 
the wdieels, and prevent them having any lateral motion from 
the action of the surge. 
The chains have openings at such distances as to fall exactly 
On the studs of the wdieels, in order that the chains may always 
take hold of the studs during their rotatioU, so as to prevent their 
slipping on the wheels, although so slack as to form a curve in the 
Water. The paddles are to be fixed in such a manner, that they 
will be perpendicular to the surface of the w^ater, during their 
dourse between the wheels A and B, even w lien the resistance to 
their motion is greatest. 
On the outer edges of each adjoining pair of wheels, 
there is a projecting edging or rim, so that the two connected 
chains, with their strikers and paddles^ may easily fall between 
the rims, thus affbrding an additional security against the effect 
of the surge, in displacing the chains. The length and breadth 
of the paddles must always be in proportion to the dimensions 
of the Vessel. 
8. Accoimt of Mr Hagners Improvements in the Art of 
Making White Lead and Verdigris. 
Mr Hagner’s melliod of manufacturing white lead, consists in 
