242 
Frank Carney 
preserved condition. This must be accounted for largely by 
assuming a stronger initial form due to an ample supply of detri- 
tus for beach-building. However, the characteristic features of 
a submerged beach are easily detected. 
Islands. During the Lower Maumee level, the northernmost 
of the three islands southwest of Castalia was the smallest in 
area; its northern shore was cut into a cliff; a beach of gravel 
and sand forms the remainder of its shoreline; two spits, each 
about 60 rods long, trend southeastward from the south side of 
the island. 
The middle island does not show any definite cliff. Active 
wave work, however, is indicated by an abundance of detritus, 
derived probably from the limestone which was planed to the 
level of effective wave erosion, and covered. The whole surface 
is now sandy; in places the sand is in mounds. From near the 
south end a ridge of sand extends about 70 rods to the northeast, 
growing finer in texture toward the terminus. 
At the close of the Lower Maumee stage the southernmost of 
these islands had an area of approximately one-half square mile. 
Steep rock slopes form two-thirds of the island’s shoreline. A 
ridge one mile long extends southward from the middle of the 
west side; throughout the first half-mile the ridge consists of 
coarse gravel; it becomes finer in texture southward. 
Lake Whittlesey 
In the eastern part of the Bellevue sheet the Whittlesey shore- 
line is not continuous nor are the beach segments well developed, 
a condition due to the very gradual deepening of the water, and 
to the windward location of a headland. Throughout the first 
one and one-half miles the ridge is easily traced ; thence for nearly 
five miles I was unable to give it a definite mapping, though 
a broad stretch of sandy soil is evidence of wave work. Just 
east of the Sandusky County line an area of limestone formed 
an island; on its northern and eastern sides a cliff was cut; else- 
where about the island gravels accumulated; from its southern 
end a strong spit grew southward nearly one-half mile, termi- 
nating in a hook to the west; another slighter spit, a short dis- 
tance west of this, also developed southward. 
At a point about one and one-quarter miles west of this lime- 
