244 
Frank Carney 
Joined to the eastern side of this island is another spit of pre- 
vailingly coarse limestone material, about one and one-half miles 
long. Throughout the first three-quarters of a mile, this ridge 
shows the influence of currents from the north; as the spit neared 
the axis of the depression now drained by Pipe Creek, the water 
being deeper gave the waves impelled by the winds from the 
east a fuller sweep, which tended to turn the spit westward; 
near the angle, I have mapped three distinct ridges indicating 
a succession of new spits starting from the angle. The spit 
continued westward for about one-quarter mile; at that point 
the influence of winds from the west caused it to take a more * 
southerly course. The spit ends a few rods south of the highway; 
its last half-mile is very much finer in texture than the part 
developed earlier. 
The highway from Castalia to Bellevue crosses two other islands 
of the Whittlesey stage. The southern of these, on its eastern 
side, has a well developed beach ridge in which limestone cobble 
and gravel prevail ; on the western side is a cliff with scant gravel 
and sand at its base. The northern of these two islands is char- 
acterized on its west and northwest sides by a beach ridge; at 
