246 
Frank Carney 
outcropping limestone about Castalia furnished an abundant sup- 
ply of detritus which was drifted alongshore to the south; the 
terminal part of this ridge bore a spit-relationship to the bay- 
like expansion of shallow water west of Sand Hill. As indicated 
on the mapj this shore ridge is composite for one-half mile; near 
the southern junction of the two ridges the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road, several years ago, operated a gravel pit. 
Along the east-west highway, directly east of the point where 
the above mentioned shore ridge commences to bear to the west, 
a small outlier of limestone formed either an island or an area 
of very shallow water, southward from which a spit developed; 
gravel and sand now mark the island or shoal area. 
From the angle in the shoreline, just east of Castalia, a spit 
of large proportions was built eastward one-half mile; its bound- 
aries are somewhat irregular now because of wind deposits. The 
rather steep limestone slope from this angle westward for approxi- 
mately one mile bears near its top a ridge of sand and gravel 
which marks the Warren stage; a period of active wave erosion 
was followed here by one of beach construction. This ridge 
extends to the southwest as far as the highway which leads from 
Castalia to Bellevue. After crossing this highway, the shore- 
line becomes a cliff in the limestone, and so continues to the 
more southerly turn of the Clyde highway; the terrace is sandy. 
In the vicinity of Castalia wind-drifted sand fringes the inland 
side of the beach. 
The Clyde highway follows the Warren beach to that village. 
Fine gravel and sand prevail; in places the sand has been drifted 
into mounds. The water side of the beach has a gentle slope; 
occasionally a steeper slope marks a locality of more active 
wave erosion. The back slope is regularly short and often steep; 
its initial curve has been modified by weathering and by wind 
deposits ; the latter agent has operated particularly in the vicinity 
of Clyde. 
