Lorraine Faunas of New York and Quebec 251 
The Pulaski shales were described from the vicinity of Pulaski 
because here they occur unaccompanied by any other division of 
rocks. Ascending the stream toward Bennett bridge and the 
Salmon River Falls, the higher divisions of the Pulaski shales 
come in, very gradually however, owing to the general westward 
dip of the strata in this part of the state. Within the limits of 
the village of Lorraine, horizons are exposed which are regarded as 
belonging a short distance below those seen at Pulaski, but as 
still belonging to the Pulaski section. Strata equivalent to the 
horizons actually exposed at Pulaski come in east of Lorraine, 
and farther eastward the strata corresponding to the Bennett 
bridge horizons come in, chiefly however in the drift in the highest 
hills. 
Owing to the westward dip of the strata, the thickness of the 
Gulf section northwest of Lorraine is less than indicated by verti- 
cal measurements above sea level. All of this Gulf section be- 
longs below the level of the actual exposures within the limits of 
the village of Lorraine. According to Dr, E. O. Ulrich, who visited 
this section in the company of Dr. Ruedemann, the great mass of 
strata in the Gulf section shows Eden affinities, and therefore 
corresponds to the lower part of the Cincinnatian section. It is 
this part of the Lorraine which Vanuxem correlated with the 
Frankfort shales of the Trenton Falls basin, but at that time 
the fauna of the Frankfort shales had not been worked out and 
Vanuxem^s correlation needs confirmation. 
Both Dr. Ulrich and Dr. Ruedemann plan to make a more de- 
tailed study of the Lorraine in Oswego and Jefferson counties, 
and their researches will, no doubt, give the definiteness desired. 
In the meantime it may be observed that the Lorraine exposures 
of New York show much greater affinities with the much more 
extended Lorraine sections of the province of Quebec than with 
any part of the Cincinnatian section of Ohio and neighboring 
states. Moreover, on proceeding from Jefferson county, in New 
York, westward along the northern shores of Lake Ontario and 
northwestward toward Meaford and Manitoulin Island, the 
Lorraine facies of New York gives way to the Cincinnatian facies 
of southwestern Ohio, and neighboring states. 
The exact significance of these observations is not understood as 
yet, but apparently the Frontenac axis was sufficiently developed 
in Lorraine times to prevent a ready access of Lorraine faunas to 
