25 
uting dairy or milk shop in 113 cases; the outbreak was supposed to 
have been due to bottles returned from infected households and re- 
filled and distributed without previous sterilization in 4 cases; the 
diseased person or persons were mentioned as handling the milk or milk 
utensils in 2 ; the sick milked the cows in 6 ; the same person nursed 
the sick and handled the milk or milk utensils in 6 ; same person was 
mentioned as nursing sick and milking cows in 10; ice cream was 
given as the infective medium in 3;- whipped cream in 1; typhoid 
dejecta were reported as thrown on the ground in such a way as to 
have more than probably contaminated the well water used for wash- 
ing the milk utensils in 4 ; in many cases mention was made of special 
incidence of the disease among persons in the habit of drinking milk ; 
the Eberth bacillus was isolated from the milk in 1 case (Ivonradi) ; 
it was reported that measures taken upon the presumption that milk 
was the cause of the epidemic, and looking to the removal of this as 
a factor, were followed by abatement of the outbreak after due allow- 
ance for the usual period of incubation from the distribution of the 
last infected milk, in 78 of the cases. 
The following is an example of a typhoid epidemic apparently due 
to milk : 
STAMFORD EPIDEMIC, APRIL 15 TO MAY 28, 1895.® 
Stamford, Conn., a town of 15,000 population, had for some months 
been comparatively free from typhoid fever. During the nine days 
following April 14, 1895, 160 cases were reported in addition to 24 
noted as suspicious. One hundred and forty-seven out of the 160 and 
all of the suspected cases had used milk delivered by one dairyman, 
B. Between April 15 and May 28, 386 cases living in 160 houses were 
reported. The dairy was closed April 21, and on May 6, just fifteen 
days after the sale of milk was stopped, the outbreak had practically 
subsided. (See Charts 1, 2, and 3.) 
Of the 386 cases 352 (91.2 per cent) lived in houses taking milk 
from dealer B., 12 were known to have used this milk at a cafe sup- 
plied by him, 2 obtained it at a bake shop selling the same milk, and 
2 obtained it in other ways, making 368 cases so traced or 95.3 per 
cent. (See diagram I.) Eight cases were supplied directly by a 
producer, E. B. L., who produced the bulk of the milk peddled by B. 
This makes 376, or 97.1 per cent, connected with this milk supply. 
Of the other cases 4 were supplied by one dealer, 5 were supplied by 
5 different dealers, and 1 could not be connected with any milk supply. 
It was estimated that 3,000 quarts of milk were peddled daily in 
a Smith (Herbert E.), Connecticut State Board of Health Report, 1895, 
pp. 161-179. 
