442 
excrement per liter was contained in the milk supply of Halle ; Leipzig, 
3.8 milligrams : Berlin. 10.3 milligrams, and Munich, 9 milligrams. 
LThl ° in 184)2 showed the great fluctuation in the bacterial content 
of the milk of Giessen. In May. 1892, from 30 examinations he found 
it ranged between 83,000 and 169,600,000; in June the lowest count 
was 10,500 and the highest 13,600,000. The average in May was 
22,900,000, and the average in Jtme was only 2,900,000. 
Sedgwick and Batchelder, * 6 1892, were the first to record the bacterial 
content of milk from an American city. From a series of examina- 
tions of the milk supply of Boston and its suburbs they report as 
follows : 
Bacteria 
Bacteria 
City. 
Samples, per cubic 
City. 
Samples, per eubic 
centimeter. 
centimeter. 
Charleston 
8 4.222,500 
Roxburv 
17 1.S74.300 
South Boston 
9 2,778,000 
Xorth End 
6 708.100 
Jamaica Plain 
10 3.259.600 
Bach Bay 
7 1,189.800 
These samples were taken directly from the milk wagons and 
planted at once. 
From groceries 16 samples additional were taken which averaged 
4.577.000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. 
Ten samples collected from well-to-do families average 
bacteria per cubic centimeter. 
Forty-four samples of the so-called "railroad" milk from one 
dealer averaged 500,000 per cubic centimeter. The extremes were 
5.664.000 and 2,200. . 
Another set of ten samples examined on arrival in Boston averaged 
371.000 per cubic centimeter. 
Knochenstiern c in 1893 gives the residts of examination of milk at 
Dorpat, Russia, between September 18 and January 25, as follows: 
From milkmen 
Village milk. . . 
Market milk. . . 
Shop milk 
Average bac- 
teria per 
cubic cent- 
imeter. 
10, 200. 000 
12, 000. 000 
25, 000, 000 
30, 000. 000 
« Uhl: U ntersuchtmgen der Martmilch in GAssen. Zeit. i. Hyg. . vol. 12. 1892, p. 475. 
& Sedgwick and Batchelder: A bacteriological examination of the Boston milk sup- 
ply. Boston Med. and Snrg. Joum., vol. 126, 1892, p. 25. 
c Knochenstiern, Hugo: Ueber dem Keimgehalt der Dorpat er Martmilch nebst 
einigen bacteriologischen Untersuchungen won Frauenmilch. Inaug. Disserta., 
Dorpat. 1893. 51 p. 8°. 
