513 
Fig. 2 is shown in contrast to Fig. 1 in order to illustrate a simple 
and inexpensive method of cleaning cows preparatory to milking and 
to show more strongly the desirability of such work. It is not probable 
that cows handled as those shown in Fig. 2 would ever get into the 
condition of the one shown in Fig. 1, but the proprietor of this clean 
dairy considered it necessary to wash and wipe the udders and flanks 
before every milking, in this manner. He is taking no risks in lives 
of infanfs who may be fed on milk from this dairy. 
Figs. 7 and 8 show a clean exterior and interior. In such a place 
the problem of producing clean milk is much simplified, because the 
surroundings are in clean, sanitary condition. The filthiness shown 
in Fig. 1 could not exist. 
The milker may not be cleanly in person or dress; he may have 
that most filthy of habits, milking with wet hands. The hands are 
usually wet by milking a few streams over them and kept wet by 
repeating the operation from time to time. The filth on the udder 
will ooze out under and through the fingers and drip into the pail. 
No illustration could be obtained showing this condition but it is 
frequently met with in inspection work. 
Milkers too often wear the clothing that has done duty for every 
other work about the farm. Such clothing may contain dirt from the 
hog pen, the chicken coop, the horse barn, or the swill barrel, and is 
entirely unfit to be worn during milking. A clean white milking suit 
has a twofold effect. It will not of itself contaminate the milk, and 
if the milker is required to keep such a suit clean, he must of necessity 
keep everything with which he comes in contact clean. Compare the 
appearance of the milker shown in Fig. 9 with that in Fig. 1 . A milker 
can not sit down to a dirty cow and keep himself or the milk clean. 
The difference in results between different milkers working under 
the same conditions is strikingly illustrated by Stocking. The aver- 
age of 19 tests in which 2 milkers who had had no training in dairy 
sanitation and 1 milker a graduate of the Connecticut Agricultural 
College showed 17,105 bacteria per cubic centimeter for the un trained 
men and 2,455 for the trained man. The only difference between the 
men was the knowledge of what constituted contamination gained 
by the college graduate, who was a student of bacteriology. 
This example well illustrates the difficulty encountered in securing 
clean milk by means of police regulations only. Education must 
go first, and the police authority used only in those cases where the 
dairyman persists in wilfully violating his own knowledge in prepar- 
ing his milk for market. 
Any superficial compliance with police regulations becomes a farce 
unless the dairyman understands the principle back of such regula- 
tions. As an example: 
Fig. 10 gives a graphic illustration of blind compliance with such 
regulations. A city ordinance required that there must be so many 
24907— Bull. 41—08 33 
