536 
The photograph, No. 41, is of a well which is imperfectly guarded 
against pollution and with very slovenly surroundings. The situa- 
tion of the well in this case is good. It lies at a considerably 
higher level than the barnyard which is below, and shown in the left- 
hand corner of the picture, and is separated from the well by a ledge 
of rock. The domestic sources of pollution he to the right and are 
several hundred feet away. The building shown at the right-hand 
corner of the picture is a wood shed. The well is only about 7 feet 
deep, but it is bored into the solid rock and in spite of its want of 
depth, there would appear no good reason why it should not be made 
to fulfill the requirements of a sanitary supply, but when it was 
inspected it was found to have a loose coping and there was no pro- 
vision against pollution due to stray animals. 
Photograph No. 42 shows a well bored into solid ’rock, and although 
it is only 16 feet deep it would appear to be well protected from any 
source of contamination. Besides the protection afforded by the 
natural rock the curb and cover are tight, and moreover the cover is 
given a slant so as to shed water. 
Photograph No. 43 shows an arrangement which seems to leave 
nothing to be desired. The well in this case is over 100 feet deep 
through rock, the barnyard lies off to the left and is at least 10 or 
12 feet lower than the well. The dwelling is to the left and in front, 
and is still lower and farther away than the barn. The situation of 
the well is inside the building near the top of the hill, seen at the 
right of the picture. This building is the dairy and the floor is 
cemented, and when it was visited it was found to be scrupulously 
clean. 
^ SPRINGS. 
Much that has been said above in regard to wells applies equally 
to springs, but in addition to the danger of pollution from surface 
drainage and from seepage if the spring is open it is liable to pollution 
from the introduction of impurities in dipping the water out. This 
source of contamination may be guarded against by inclosing the 
spring in a concrete casing on all sides and providing a tight cover 
and a pipe inserted through one side to allow the water to run out. 
The cover should be removable, however, to permit of the cleaning 
out of the sand which always in time accumulates in the spring. 
Instead of the concrete casing a section of wide terra-cotta drain tiling 
set in cement over the point where the water wells up out of the ground 
may be used to good advantage. The tiling should be provided 
with a tight-fitting cover and a pipe to allow the water to run off. 
Either of these two arrangements obviate the danger of polluting 
the water from dipping unclean vessels into it. Some springs excel- 
lently protected by a coping on three sides and in other ways are made 
