240 
Sanclilands in which the method of feeding of 695 infants was investi- 
gated. It was ascertained that of 139 infants under 9 months of age 
dying of diarrhea 16 per cent only were breast fed. Of the survivors, 
69 per cent were breast-fed. 
France furnishes facts of the same import. In 1898, when diar- 
rhea made many victims among the children of Paris, it was estimated 
that the number of deaths of artificially fed infants was double that 
of the breast fed at all times during the year and that in August it 
ran up to 8 times that of the breast fed. 
Before a deputation, in 1906, of the Queensland government on the 
subject of infant life protection, Turner reported that during the 
summer months at Brisbane, Australia, more than one-half of the 
bottle-fed babes die. 
INFANTILE MORTALITY A CLASS MORTALITY. 
Harrington points out that infantile mortality is a class mortality, 
highest as a rule in cities and towns where women work in industrial 
establishments and put their children early to the bottle. In an ar- 
ticle written in 1906 he gives a table prepared from the United States 
census in which mill towns in Xew England are shown to have the 
greatest infantile mortality. 
Reid, as a result of a careful inquiry made in 1906, shows that the 
infantile mortality rates are. in great excess in the northern artisan 
towns of Staffordshire, England, where pottery is the chief industry 
and women, both married and single, are engaged in factory labor. 
This excess is very marked where a comparison is made with the 
southern towns of the count}- where mining and iron-working pre- 
vail, affording practically no employment for women. The general 
conditions which operate in causing a high infantile mortality pre- 
vail, it is pointed out, to an equal extent in the two populations. The 
difference in the death rate among infants in the two sections is at- 
tributed to the nature of the trades as affecting the employment of 
women away from home, with the consequent effect on the proportion 
of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants. The percentage of female mar- 
ried and widowed factory workers to the whole female population be- 
tween the ages of 15 and 50 years was studied in different localities. 
In 5 towns in which the percentage of such women so employed was 
12 or more the infantile mortality was 198 per 1,000; in 13 towns in 
which the percentage was under 12 and over 6 the infantile mortality 
was 156, and in 8 towns in which the percentage was under 6 the in- 
fantile mortality was 119. 
While the relation between factory labor for women and the death 
rate of young children seems well established for Staffordshire the 
