Refractometer reading . — Milk serum has a higher index of refrac- 
tion than water. Therefore the addition of water to milk lowers the 
index of refraction of the serum The refractometer reading of the 
several samples was obtained in the following manner : One hundred 
cubic centimeters of the sample of milk is placed in a beaker. To 
this 2 cubic centimeters of 25 per cent acetic acid is added. The 
beaker is then covered with a watch glass and heated in a watqr bath 
at 70° C. for twenty minutes. It is then placed in ice water for ten 
minutes and filtered. The refractometer reading on the clear yellow- 
ish filtrate (milk serum) is then made with a Zeiss immersion refrac- 
tometer, at 20° C. A description of this instrument, together with all 
necessary directions for its use, is given by Leach (6). See also 
TTagner (7). Unadulterated milks give a refractometer reading 
varying: between 39 and 43 on the scale of this instrument. Accord- 
ing to Leach (8), a reading below 40 with the above conditions care- 
fully observed would be suspicious of added water, though 39 might 
more safely be placed as a limit, below which milk could be declared 
fraudulently watered. 
The following data given by Leach (9) show the variations in the 
specific gravity, refractometer reading, chemical composition, etc., 
resulting from the addition to a whole milk of various amounts of 
water up to 50 per cent. 
Determinations on milk. On milk serum. 
1 
Added 
water. 
Total 
solids. 
Water. 
Fat. 
Solids 
not fat. 
Ash. 
Specific 
gravity at 
15° C. 
Specific 
gravity at 
15° C. 
Immersion 
refrac- 
tometer 
reading at 
20° C. 
Per cent. 
Per cent. 
Per cent. 
Per cent. 
Per cent. 
Per cent. 
0 
12. 65 
87.35 
4.00 
8. 65 
0.65 
1.0315 
1. 0287 
42.40 
10 
11. 33 
88.67 
3.50 
7.83 
.60 
1.0278 
1.0260 
39.75 
20 
10.10 
89.90 
3.10 
7.00 
.53 
1.0252 
1.0230 
36. 90 
30 
8.95 
91.05 
2.80 
6.15 
.48 
1.0211 
1. 0200 
34.10 
40 
7. 67 
92.33 
2.40 
5.27 
.40 
1.0192 
1. 0167 
31.10 
50 
6.43 
93.57 
2.00 
4.43 
.38 
1.0154 
1. 0140 
28.45 
Coloring matters . — All of the samples of milk were examined sys- 
tematically for artificial coloring matters by the methods given by 
Leach (10). 
Preservatives . — All of the samples of milk were examined for anti- 
septics (1) by the souring test. That is, a portion of the sample 
was placed in a flask and allowed to stand overnight at room temper- 
