451 
The same author gives abstracts of findings by the following 
authors : 
Author. 
City. 
Average bacteria 
per cubic centi- 
meter. 
Buiwid (16 examinations) 
Warsaw. . . . 
4,000,000 
2,500,000 
3, 400 to 3,000,000 
Genus (dairy milk) ' 
Amsterdam 
Cunningham, D. (1891) 
Calcutta 
Rowland,® 1895, found the average bacterial content of 25 sam- 
ples of milk in London to be 500,000 per cubic centimeters. 
Frye b in 1896 examined nine samples of milk in Buffalo as it was 
delivered to the consumer from December 28, 1895, to June 11, 1896, 
and found the bacterial content to range from 48,000 to 43,600,000 
per cubic centimeter. 
In six samples of grocery milk examined from January 26 tg June 
11, 1896, the bacterial content ranged between 25,000 and 25,000,000 
per cubic centimeter. 
In seven samples of “ certified milk” the bacterial content ranged 
between 4,400 and 132,700 per cubic centimeter. 
Pakes c in 1900 states that London’s milk supply contains between 
3,000,000 and 4,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. 
Park, d 1901, found the milk in New York City to contain, as a 
rule, excessive numbers of bacteria. During the coldest weather 
the milk in the shops averages over 300,000 bacteria per cubic centi- 
meter, during, cool weather about 1,000,000, and during the hot 
weather about 5,000,000. He found the condition of the average 
city milk very different, depending upon temperature and other 
conditions. The milk as it is received in New York from the rail- 
roads averages over 5,000,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, the 
lowest count being 52,000 and the highest 35,200,000. 
Burrage e in 1901 states that American cities appear to have better 
milk from a bacterial standpoint than European cities. In the latter, 
milk seldom contains less than 5,000,000 bacteria per cubic centi- 
meter. In the milk supply of Middletown, Conn., the number of 
a Rowland, Sidney D.: Report of 25 samples of milk examined as to their bacterial 
flora. Brit. Med. Journ., 1895, vol. 2, p. 321. 
& Frye, Maud J.: Notes upon the estimation of the number of bacteria in milk. 
Med. Rec., 1896, vol. 2, p. 442. 
c Pakes, Walter: The application of bacteriology to public health. Lancet, 1900, 
vol. 1, p. 311. 
d Park, W. H.: The great bacterial contamination of the milk of cities, can it be 
lessened by the action of health authorities? Journ. Hyg., vol. 1, 1901, p. 391. 
e Burrage, Severance: Some sanitary aspects of milk supplies and dairying. Iowa 
Board Health, Eleventh Bien. Rep., 1901, p. 373. 
