586 
chamber and is pumped out of the other after passing through the 
partition. The rain pipe from the roof should be provided with an 
arrangement for preventing the first water which falls in time of rain 
from running into the cistern. The advantages of this arrangement 
are obvious, since the first water after dry weather may become pol- 
luted with dust or bird droppings on the roof. It will also serve as 
a cut-off after the cistern is filled. The water should be frequently 
pumped out and the cistern filled with fresh rain. The roof on 
which the rain is caught should be preferably of slate. Water from 
w T ooden shingles is often tainted. 
ABUNDANCE. 
The above considerations apply only to the purity of the water, 
but as stated in the beginning it is not sufficient for the demands of 
hygiene that the water should be pure, it should also be sufficient in 
amount for thorough cleanliness. The average amount of water used 
in various cities in America and in Europe by each inhabitant per day 
varies greatly, from 15 gallons in Vienna to 100 in Rome, 108 in New 
York, 120 in Detroit, 122 in Chicago, 111. But this amount includes 
the water used for all purposes, manufactories, sprinkling, etc. A 
reasonable average amount for domestic purposes, as stated by Ver- 
non Harcourt, is 25 gallons per day for each individual, and this is 
probably the amount which should be allowed on farms. Since the 
stock is usually watered at running streams this need not be taken 
into account in the reckoning. On farms generally the supply is 
ample. It may occasionally run short in times of prolonged drought, 
but there was no evidence of scarcity on any of the dairy farms 
recently visited. 
CONVENIENCE. 
Comparatively few farmers seem to realize the importance of con- 
venience in the matter of water supplies even from a purely economic 
point of view, and much less from the bearing which such convenience 
has upon cleanliness and consequently upon health. Less than one- 
fifth of the dairy farms recently inspected have windmills, rams, or 
other mechanical means of bringing the water into the house or dairy. 
Year after year on many farms water is pumped by hand or brought 
up the hill from the spring in buckets at the expenditure of a great 
amount of labor in the aggregate. Where it is at all feasible the 
water should be pumped into a tank and conducted at least into the 
dairy and the kitchen by pipe. Even where the water has to be 
pumped by hand it is desirable to have a tank for it insures abundance 
for purposes of cleanliness, but of course, if feasible, resort should be 
had to some mechanical device, windmill, engine, or ram for forcing 
