770 
the District they have not been required to maintain fixed places of 
business within the District, but their dairy farms have been re- 
garded as the points of distribution. Copies of the forms now in use 
for application and for permits are appended. 0 
The inspection service is naturally divided into two branches: 
On the one hand the inspection of dairy farms and on the other 
the inspection of dairies. But whenever a permit is issued for the 
maintenance of a dairy on a licensed dairy farm, either within or 
without the District, then inspections of the dairy are intrusted 
solely to the inspector of dairy farms already having the premises 
under his supervision, and the inspector of dairies is not required 
to visit the premises. 
The inspection of dairy farms requires not only a knowledge of the 
conditions under which milk should be produced, but also a knowl- 
edge of cattle, their selection, their feeding, their general manage- 
ment, and their diseases. Such work is therefore best intrusted to 
veterinary surgeons, and inspectors of this class have always been 
required to have had a proper veterinary training before appoint- 
ment. The inspection of dairies, places from which milk is sold at 
retail, requires, however, only a good working knowledge of the 
sanitary principles underlying the handling of milk. For these 
purposes, therefore, and for the collection of samples of milk, men 
have been selected because of their general qualifications, and have 
not been required to have special training or experience with respect 
to the milk business. In certain cases, in making appointments of 
men to be assigned to the inspection of dairies, weight was allowed 
to the fact that the applicants had been engaged in the dairy busi- 
ness, but the result can not be said to have justified the anticipations 
of the department. 
The knowledge and experience of the inspectors of dairy farms and 
the inspectors of dairies must be supplemented by knowledge of the 
chemical composition of milk and of milk products, and of water, 
and by a practical acquaintance with the methods of analyzing these 
substances. A chemist is employed for that purpose. The knowledge 
of these inspectors ought to be supplemented by a knowledge of the 
bacteriology of milk and of milk products, and of water, and by 
ability to analyze them microscopically and bacteriologically, but 
appeals from the health officer for an appropriation for the establish- 
ment and maintenance of a bacteriological laboratory, with a compe- 
tent bacteriologist in charge of it, have not yet been favorably acted 
upon. For the proper supervision and control of the work of the 
inspection of dairy farms, and of dairies, and of the work of the 
chemist, records must be kept and a very considerable volume of cor- 
See page 793. 
