42 
develops in man after the manner determined by Grassi in the case of 
the rat, but it is safe to assume that a similar development occurs in 
both hosts, at the same time not forgetting the possibility, in both 
cases, that development might occur also by means of an intermediate 
host. 
ABSTRACTS OF CASES OF HYMEXOEEPIS A AXA IX MAX. « 
AFRICA. 
Cairo, Egypt, 1851 1 case. 
Case Xo. 1. — Bilharz (Siebold, 1852) was the first to observe Hymenolepis nana 
in man, when he found at the autopsy of an Egyptian boy who had died from men- 
ingitis a very large number of these worms, occupying a restricted portion of the 
ileum. 
Cairo, 1885, 1892 _ _ 2 cases. 
Cases Xos. 2 and 3. — Ixxes (Soxsrxo, 1885) found a single example in the intestine 
of a young Nubian girl who had been drowned, and in 1892 (Ixxes, 1898, p. 65), 
encountered the parasite a second time, finding 20 specimens in the intestines of an 
adult, who had died from anemia. The mucous membrane of the ileum showed 5 
or 6 little bloody extravasations like flea bites, and quite different from the wounds 
produced by Agchylostorna (not reported present in this case), but whether due to 
the tapeworms the author could not say, since the parasites were no longer adherent. 
EUROPE. 
Nottingham, England, 1854-1855 1 case. 
Case Xo. 4 - — AV. H. Raxsom (1856, pp. 598-599) in July, 1854, found the eggs of 
Hymenolepis nana in the feces of a little girl. Their identity, however, was not recog- 
nized until more than thirty years later (Grassi & Calaxdruccio, 1887a, p. 285^ 
Eaxsom, 1888, pp. 109-110.) The girl was 9 years old, of poor parents, and lived in 
a low, damp locality; had always been delicate, but never seriously ill; was fond 
of fruit and vegetables, especially raw cabbage. In March, 1854, she began to com- 
plain of feeling faint and weak in the morning; she was treated for Avorms by. a 
druggist, but Avithout result; became gradually Aveaker, losing flesh, strength, and 
color; her appetite Avas capricious, but not raA'enous; she suffered occasionally from 
a pain in the left side. The ordinary symptoms of helminthiasis (such as A’omiting 
and nausea, couAmlsions, and itching of seat and nostrils; raA’enous appetite and 
gnawing pains in the abdomen; round AVorms, seat AVorms, or tapeAvorm joints in 
the stools) Avere all absent. Besides the eggs of II. nana the feces contained eggs of 
the AvhipAVorm, Trichuris trichiura. Fecal examinations of her four brothers and 
sisters shoAved them free from intestinal parasites. In the course of the following 
year the patient Avas placed under anthelminthic treatment seA’eral times; a specimen 
or two of eelworms [Ascaris lurnbrlcoides) and piiiAvorms {Oxyuris vermicularis) Avere 
passed, but if any tapeworms Avere expelled they passed unperceiA’ed. With careful 
diet and tonics her condition Avas much improA’ed, although the eggs of the tape- 
worm Avere found in the feces at each examination and Avere still present in Sep- 
tember, 1855, fifteen months after the case first came under obserA’ation. 
«The cases abstracted have been numbered seriatim for conA’enience of reference, 
after arrangement chronologically bw countries. 
For additional cases see footnote, p. 7. 
