86 
free from suspended matter and blood corpuscles. The latter may sometimes be 
found in small numbers when the urine is permitted to stand, and they may lie 
derived from small hemorrhages in the pelvis of the kidney, quite regularly observed 
at autopsies. The coloring matter, as has been stated above, is derived from cor- 
puscles broken up within the circulation, and not outside in the bladder. When 
such urine is treated with a little acetic acid a brownish flocculent precipitate, prob- 
ably of the derivatives of haemoglobin, appears. When boiled, a brownish flaky pre- 
cipitate forms, which rises to the surface as a scum. As might be expected such 
urine always reacts in the presence of the usual tests for albumen. * * * Suffice 
it to say that in very opaque urines the precipitate is quite abundant and corresponds 
when Esbach’s test is applied, to from 1 to 3 per cent of albumen. 
“The * * * haemoglobinuria is * * * occasionally observed during life, and 
probably with the aid of a catheter may be seen much more frequently. * * * 
Very little need be said of the other characters of ‘red water.’ When found in the 
bladder after or collected shortly before death its specific gravity is usually low (1,010 to 
1,020) and it is feebly alkaline or acid. There is mo effervescence with acids. After 
standing, a few granular casts and rarely urates are found in the very slight sedi- 
ment. The greater the number of days before death that it is collected the more 
nearly it approaches normal urine as regards specific gravity and alkalinity.” 
Starcovici reports bloody urine as regular in the severer cases, but not observed in 
the lighter forms of bovine hemoglobinuria. In carceag bloody urine is less frequent. 
For canine piroplasmosis, Nuttall (1904, pp. 232-233) reports as follows: 
South Africa: “All cases I have observed have been acute, and haemoglobinuria 
was present, also albuminuria. The urine was claret or brownish-red in color, or 
resembling coffee grounds. Lounsbury and Robertson consider this brown coloring 
an unfavorable symptom, indicating a fatal termination. Haemoglobinuria was noted 
by Hutcheon (1899). It may be absent in fatal cases, as in red water (Robertson, p. 
329). In one urine I examined I found the reaction acid, albumen, haemoglobin, 
bile salts, and pigments, a considerable deposit consisting of spermatozoa (chiefly), 
granular casts, epithelium, leucocytes, granular detritus, crystals of salts, and a few 
erythrocytes. There were no spermatozoa or bile salts and pigment present on the 
day preceding death (dog 1). Xo haemoglobinuria was observed in the chronic 
case recorded in Chart V.” 
France: “ In acute cases urine albuminous at onset before parasites can be found 
in the blood. Albuminuria persists until death, increasing with number of par- 
asites present. Haemoglobinuria: Urine pink, dark red, blackish, like prune juice 
or coffee grounds, according to its degree. No erythrocytes in urine. Oxyhaemoglo- 
bin may amount to 2.5 per cent. Hjemoglobinuria appears soon after parasites are 
seen in the blood, and in very acute cases persists until death, and is found in blad- 
der at autopsy. Hjemoglobinuria inconstant, noted in 3 out of 6 cases by Xocard 
and Almy; this may be due to its being at times very transitory. Xocard and Motas 
observed more or less lasting and severe Imemoglobinuria in 43 out of 63 dogs. Bile 
pigment present in cases showing icterus and haemoglobinuria. Reaction acid only 
found neutral twice, alkaline once. Polyuria rare. 
“In chronic cases urine usually slightly albuminous at start, condition lasting 15-20 
days. Haemoglobinuria very rare; lasts 1 to 2 days. Urine may be icteric. Reac- 
tion acid only once found neutral; this attributable to other causes (sugar found).” 
It will thu.s be seen that while Wilson and Chowning* report h^emo- 
g’lobinuria as absent or veiy slight in “ spotted fever,” this is a promi- 
nent s^nnptom in piroplasmatic diseases. If, therefore, ‘‘ spotted 
fever” is a piroplasmosis, it differs in this very characteristic s^nnptom 
quite markedly from other maladies caused by parasites of the same 
genus. 
