42 
develops in man after the manner determined by Grassi in the case of 
the rat, but it is safe to assume that a similar development occurs in 
both hosts, at the same time not forgetting the possibility, in both 
cases, that development might occur also by means of an intermediate 
host. 
ABSTRACTS OF CASES OF HI MEXOEEPIS XAXA IX MAX. « 
AFRICA. 
Cairo, Egypt, 1851 ___ 1 case. 
Case Xo. 1 . — Bilharz (Siebold, 1852) was the first to observe Hymenolepis nana 
in man, when he found at the autopsy of an Egyptian boy who had died from men- 
ingitis a very large number of these worms, occupying a restricted portion of the 
ileum. 
Cairo, 1885, 1892 . _ 2 cases. 
Cases Xos. 2 and 3 . — Innes (Sonsino, 1885) found a single example in the intestine 
of a young Mubian girl who had been drowned, and in 1892 (Ixnes, 1898, p. 65) 
encountered the parasite a second time, finding 20 specimens in the intestines of an 
adult, who had died from anemia. The mucous membrane of the ileum showed 5 
or 6 little bloody extravasations like flea bites, and quite different from the wounds 
produced by AgcliyJostoma (not reported present in this case), but whether due to 
the tapeworms the author could not say, since the parasites were no longer adherent. 
EUROPE. 
Nottingham, England, 1854-1855 1 case. 
Case Xo. 4- — AV. H. Ransom (1856, pp. 598-599) in July, 1854, found the eggs of 
Hymenolepis nana in the feces of a little girl. Their identity, however, was not recog- 
nized until more than thirty years later (Grassi & Calandruccio, 1887a, p. 285; 
Ransom, 1888, pp. 109-110.) The girl was 9 years old, of poor parents, and lived in 
a low, damp locality; had always been delicate, but never seriously ill; was fond 
of fruit and vegetables, especially raw cabbage. In March, 1854, she began to com- 
plain of feeling faint and weak in the morning; she was treated for M’orms by a 
druggist, but without result; became gradually weaker, losing flesh, strength, and 
color; her appetite was capricious, but not ravenous; she suffered occasionally from 
a pain in the left side. The ordinary symptoms of helminthiasis (such as vomiting, 
and nausea, convulsions, and itching of seat and nostrils; ravenous appetite and 
gnawing pains in the abdomen; round worms, seat worms, or tapeworm joints in 
the stools) were all absent. Besides the eggs of H. nana the feces contained eggs of 
the whipworm. Trichurls trkldura. Fecal examinations of her four brothers and 
sisters showed them free from intestinal parasites. In the course of the following 
year the patient was placed under anthelminthic treatment several times; a specimen 
or two of eelworms {Ascarls lumbricoides) and pinworms {Oxyuris vermicidaris) were 
passed, but if any tapeworms were expelled they passed unperceived. With careful 
diet and tonics her condition was much improved, although the eggs of the tape- 
worm were found in the feces at each examination and were still present in Sep- 
tember, 1855, fifteen months after the case first came under observation. 
«The cases abstracted have been numbered seriatim for convenience of reference, 
after arrangement chronologically by countries. 
For additional cases see footnote, p. 7. 
