8G 
free from suspended matter and blood corpuscles. The latter may sometimes be 
found in small nmnbei'^^when the urine is pennitted to staml, and they may l^e 
derived from small hemorrhages in the pelvis of the kidney, quite regularly observe<l 
at autopsies. The coloring matter, as has been stated above, i.< derive<l from cor- 
puscles broken up within the circulation, and not outside in the bladder. When 
such urine is treated vdth a little acetic acid a brownish flocculent precipitate, prob- 
ably of the derivatives of haemoglobin, appears. When boiled, a brownish flaky pre- 
cipitate forms, which rises to the surface as a scum. As might be expected such 
urine always reacts in the presence of the usual tests for albumen. * Suffice 
it to say that in very opaque urines the precipitate is quite abundant and correspon'ds 
when Esbach’s test is applied, to from 1 to 3 per cent of albumen. 
“The * * * hiemoglobinuria is * * * occasionally observed during hfe, and 
probably with the aid of a catheter may be seen much more frequently. * * * 
Very little need be said of the other characters of ‘ red water. ’ When found in the 
bladder after or collected shortly before death its specific gravity is usually low i 1,010 to 
1,020) and it is feebly alkaline or acid. There is no effervescence with acids. After 
standing, a few granular casts and rarely urates are found in the very slight sedi- 
ment. The greater the number of days before death that it is collected the more 
nearly it approaches normal urine as regards specific gravity and alkalinity.” 
Starcovici reports bloody urine as regular in the severer cases, but not observed in 
the fighter forms of bovine hemoglobinuria. In carceag bloody urine is less frequent. 
For canine piroplasmosis, Auttall (1904, pp. 232-233) reports as follows: 
South Africa: “All cases I have observed have been acute, and h?emoglobinuria 
was present, also albuminuria. The urine was claret or brownish-red in color, or 
resembling coffee grounds. Lounsbury and Eobertson consider this brown coloring 
an mifavorable symptom, indicating a fatal termination. Haemoglobinuria was noted 
by Hutcheon (1899). It may be absent in fatal cases, as in red water (Robertson, p. 
329). In one urine I examined I found the reaction acid, albumen, hiemoglobin, 
bile salts, and pigments, a considerable deposit consisting of spermatozoa (chiefly), 
granular casts, epithelium, leucocytes, granular detritus, crystals of salts, and a few 
erythrocytes. There were no spermatozoa or bile salts and pigment present on the 
day preceding death (<log 1). Vo hfemoglobinuria was observed in the chronic 
case recorded in Chart V.” 
France: “In acute cases urine all)uminous at onset before para.sites can be found 
in the blood. Albuminuria persists until death, increasing with number of par- 
asites present. Haemoglobinuria: Urine pink, dark red, blackish, like prune juice 
or coffee grounds, according to its degree. Vo erythrocytes in urine. Oxyha?moglo- 
bin may amount to 2.5 per cent. Htemoglobinuria api^ears soon after parasites are 
seen in the blood, and in very acute cases persists until death, and is found in blad- 
der at autopsy. Haemoglobinuria inconstant, noted in 3 out of 6 cases by Vocard 
and Almy; this may l>e due to its being at times very transitory. Vocard and Motas 
observed more or less lasting and severe h^emoglobinuria in 43 out of 63 dogs. Bile 
pigment present in cases showing icterus and hiemoglobinuria. Reaction acid only 
found neutral twice, alkaline once. Polyuria rare. 
“In chronic cases urine u-sually slightly albuminous at start, condition lasting 15-20 
days. Hfemoglobinuria very rare; lasts 1 to 2 days. Urine may be icteric. Reac- 
tion acid only once found neutral; this attributable to other causes (sugar found).” 
It will thus be seen that while Wilson and Chowning report ha?mo- 
globinuria as absent or very sligdit in ** spotted fever." this is a promi- 
nent .symptom in piroplasmatic di.seases. If. therefore, “ spotted 
fever" is a piroplasmosis. itdifiers in this very characteristic .symptom 
cpiite markedly from other maladies caused by parasites of the same 
genus. 
