731 
been greatly overestimated. At all events, the danger involved from 
the use of sterilized or of pasteurized milk with respect to scurvy is 
so small, under these conditions, in comparison with the advantages 
to be derived that they may be disregarded. As an additional 
prophylactic when desired, however, we may avert all danger by the 
administration once or twice a day of a small quantity of orange ' 
juice (say 15 to 30 cubic centimeters) one hour or so before feeding. 
It is needless to say that the juice so administered must be from per- 
fectly fresh fruit and strained free from particles of skin. 
PASTEURIZATION OF MILK. 
This consists in the heating of milk to 60° C. (140° F.) for twenty 
minutes. llTiile insufficient for the complete sterilization of milk, 
it destro3"S most of the nonspore- forming micro-organisms, including 
the pathogenic germs, besides not altering materialh’ the taste of the 
milk. It is therefore recommended for milk to be used in feeding 
infants from the third month on, at least during the summer months. 
METHOD OF PASTEURIZING MILK. 
Water is brought to a boiling point in some utensil with a close- 
fitting lid. The utensil is then removed from the stove and placed 
on some nonconductor of heat, as a square of asbestos or a board. 
The feeding bottles are stood up to the level of the milk in them in 
the water, the utensil covered, and the whole left for twent}^ minutes. 
The milk bottles are then rapidh^ cooled b}^ the use of cold water on 
the exterior of the bottles and are kept on ice until required. 
It is highly important to remember that neither sterilization nor 
pasteurization will make bad or stale milk good, and that once steril- 
ized or pasteurized it requires the same care in preservation as raw 
milk. Ver}^ convenient forms of apparatus, such as Arnold’s or 
Soxhlet’s, for sterilization, or Freeman’s for pasteurization of milk 
can be bought at the shops. 
ARTIFICIAL FEEDING OF INFANTS UNDER ONE MONTH OF AGE. 
Ii\Tien we consider the composition of woman’s milk in the early 
period of lactation, we are impressed with the fact that while the 
proteids are high, the sugar and fat are lower than at subsequent 
times. This has the effect of reducing its caloric value, and is doubt- 
less dependent upon the needs of the infant in this respect. 
We can, therefore, more easily imitate the provisions of nature by 
feeding skimmed milk to infants in the first month of life. Walls 
has found ® that sterilized undiluted skimmed milk is entireh" di- 
gestible even by premature infants. As the energ}^ quotient required 
“ F. X. Walls, Jour. Am. Med. Assn., 1907, Vol. XLVIII, pp. 1389-1392. 
