TYPHOID FEVEK IH DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. 81 
(1901) found the average bacterial content of the milk from six sepa- 
rate cows examined five hours after collection to be 6,000 per cubic 
centimeter, the lowest count being 400 per cubic centimeter, and of 
25 cows of which the milk was tested immediately after dravm, it 
was 4,550. 
Burr® (1902), also taking every" reasonable precaution, found 500 
organisms per cubic centimeter in the milk of a single cow. 
Von Freudenreich^ (1902) thought it would be easy to carry out 
strict asepsis and thus obtain a bacteria-free milk; but he soon came 
to the conclusion that this was impossible. He found that milk 
always contained 250 to 300 organisms per cubic centimeter, even 
though the milker’s hands and the teats were washed first with soft 
soap and sterile water and then with servatol soap and sterile water, 
and finally with sterile water alone and dried on a sterile towel. The 
milker’s hands were smeared with lanoline and the first milk rejected. 
The bacterial content of the mixed milk of 28 cows milked in this 
way varied from 65 to 680 organisms per cubic centimeter. 
Freudenreich and Thoni,^ from a further series of similar experi- 
ments, conclude that freshly drawn milk, even when the most careful 
precautions are taken against contamination, always contains 
bacteria; that these are mostly cocci and that they come from the 
udder. 
Continuing his experiments von Freudenreich'^ (1903) states 
that he examined the udders and the milk in the udders of 15 cows 
in 13 cases immediately after slaughtering. He found none bacteria 
free. The organisms were mostly cocci. B. lactis acidi was met 
with once only. In three cases the ducts were diseased, and in these 
cases the diseased tissues contained fewer organisms than usual. 
B. coli was never found. He mentions that Boekhout and de ATies 
drew milk directly from the udder with a sterile canula and always 
got a growth from it. 
'Lux^ (1904) examined milk drawn without aseptic precautions. 
Two hundred and sixty cow-milk and 95 goat-milk samples were 
analyzed. The average number of bacteria per cubic centimeter 
was 1,395, which were mostly nonpathogenic cocci. 
Henderson^ (1904) examined seven normal udders and obtained 
growth in 76 per cent of the cultures made, the organisms being 
staphylococci, streptococci, and pseudo-diptheria bacilli. Xo organ- 
isms were found pathogenic to laboratory animals. 
“Burr, Rollin H. Centlblt. f. bakt., Abt. 2, Bd. 8, p. 236. 
& Freudenreich, Ed. von. Centlblt. f. bakt., Abt. 2, Bd. 8, p. 674. 
c Freudenreich and Thoni. Centlblt. f. bakt., Abt. 2. Bd. 10, p. 305. 
d Ibid., p. 401. 
eLux, A. Centlblt. f. bakt., Abt. 2, Bd. 11, p. 195. 
/Henderson, J. Journ. roy. san. inst., vol. 25, p. 563. 
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