TYPHOID FEVER IX DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 83 
Concerning tlie character of the organisms found in milk, most 
observers agree that, while bacteria are found almost constantly in 
milk, gas-forming organisms are practically never met with in milk 
dravm directly from the cow. For example, von Freudemeich (1902) 
expresses the opinion that in milk dravm directly into sterile tubes 
one usuall}" finds only cocci present. Yon Freudemeich and Thoni 
(1903) showed that lactic acid bacilli are not found in freshly drawn 
milk. 
Fmther, von Freudemeich (1903) never found B. coli in the exam- 
ination of 15 udders and milk in them. 
Yon Freudemeich (1904) never found B. coli or B. lactis aerogenes 
in the udder, and only one in milk taken directly into sterile glasses. 
Lux (1904) found B. coli and B. lactis aerogenes taken together in 
9 per cent of his samples. But he took no precautions as regards 
cleaning the udder. 
Burr (1902) instituted several series of experiments to ascertain 
the source of the acid organisms of milk and cream. He took great 
care to have the stables, cows, and everything connected with them 
thoroughly clean. In milk drawn straight into test tubes he did not 
find lactic acid bacilli, but they were found in the cream of milk 
drawn into a sterile pail. Plates exposed under the cows for ten, 
twenty, thirty, and forty seconds during mi' Iking all contained B. 
lactis aerogenes, B. acidi lactici II, but no B. acidi lactici I. Tubes of 
sterile milk exposed about the barn and under the cows contained in 
nearly every case all the varieties of the bacilli mentioned, while 
milk taken at the same time direct from the udder did not contam 
any. He also examined the glandular part, the milk cistern, and the 
begumhig of the teat of two udders, and failed to find any of these 
three bacilli. 
He concludes that the lactic acid organisms, B. lactis aerogenes, B. 
acidi lactici II and I — the latter organism being the B. acidi lactici 
of Hiippe, ]Yarpmarm, and Esten — are a contamination from outside 
the udder. B. acidi lactici II and B. lactis aerogenes are commonly 
very abundant in the stable, while B. acidi lactici I, though almost 
universally present, exists in relatively small numbers. 
Conn (1902) considers that the milk bacilli come seldom from the 
milk passages, but chiefly from sources distinct from the cow. 
Harrison (1905) examined the milk of 25 cows. The udders and 
flanks were brushed and vuped with a damp cloth, the first milk was 
rejected, and the samples then taken in sterile test tubes. From the 
milk of two of these cows gas-producing bacteria were isolated. 
* * * He mentions that Moor and Ward have also isolated gas- 
producing bacilli from the udders of certain cows, but that it is evi- 
dently an exceptional state of affairs. 
