13 
The Latin poets and authors did not foresee the practical scientific use 
to which their language would be applied, and they failed to leave 
enough Latin words as names for the millions of animals and plants 
which come into consideration. Hence, as a carpenter, a sailor, or a 
manufacturer coins words which are accepted in English as English 
words of good standing, when applied to carpentry, nautical affairs, 
and trade, the zoologists and botanists coin words upon Latin prece- 
dents, which we adopt as botanical and zoological Latin. In not all 
cases do our efforts attain the highest standards of classical Latin 
{Taenia solium , and Gadus tomcod , for instance), but because of practi- 
cal considerations such names are retained, although not recommended 
as examples to be followed in coining new words. 
As an instance in which zoologists take considerable liberty with 
Latin special mention may be made of the family and subfamily 
names, the rule for their formation being based upon practical con- 
siderations rather than upon classical precedent. 
Man} T authors have used vernacular names in a vernacular sense 
without giving a Latin equivalent. This is particularly the case with 
certain earlier French authors. Later authors have not infrequently 
Latinized these vernacular names and the Latinized form has been 
adopted. In all these cases the vernacular names have no status what- 
ever in nomenclature, and the author who later Latinized the name 
or used it as a Latin name is the person who is considered its author. 
Thus Redon, 1883, described for man a u Taenia algerien which Pep- 
per (1891) has quoted as Taenia algeriana and Braun (1S91) as Taenia 
algeriensis, In this case Taenia algerien is a vernacular name, and its 
author (Redon) is in no wise connected with the names Taenia algeriana 
and T. algeriensis , which should be attributed to Pepper and Braun, 
respectively, despite the fact that it was Redon who described the 
parasite. In following this plan we are not attempting to rob Redon 
of any supposed credit which belongs to him, but we do not hold him 
responsible for names introduced later authors. 
FAMILY AND SUBFAMILY N AMES. 
Art. 4 . The name of a family is formed by adding the ending idae, 
the name of a subfamily by adding inae , to the root of the name of its 
type genus. 
Discussion. — Closely related genera are collected into families, and 
when desirable an intermediate S3 7 stematic unit (the subfamily) is 
recognized between the genus and the family; in other words, closely 
related genera are collected into subfamilies and closely related 
subfamilies are collected into families. 
One genus in each subfamily represents the type of the subfamily, 
namely, its standard of reference; and one genus in the family repre- 
sents the standard of reference of the family. In forming the family 
