20 
FORMATION, DEEITATIOX, VXD ORTHOGEAPHY OF 
ZOOLOGICAL XAMES. 
Art. 19. The original orthography of a name is to he preserved 
unless an error of transcription, a lapsus calami, or a typographical 
error is evident. 
Recommendation. — For scientific names it is advisable to use some other type 
than that used for the text. Example: Panel escudenta Linne, 1758. lives in Europe. 
Discussion. — The question of emendation of names has been one of 
the most difficult that has come up for consideration. Some authors, 
known as ” purists. " have insisted upon a classical Latin: others have 
accepted the original orthography of a name, be it good, had. or 
indifferent. Names have been published in a form not altogether in 
accordance with classical rules, and later authors have emended them: 
unfortunately, the emending authors have not been in accord in 
regard to the emendations, and a given name may appear in literature 
in several ” corrected " forms.. Agchylostoma. for instance, has been 
’’emended" six or eight different times, and it is stated that one 
name has been ’’corrected" 23 different times. Unfortunately, also, 
the emendation of names occasionally leads to the rejection of names 
which might be retained if emendation were not admitted. 
Art. 20. In forming names derived from languages in which the 
Latin alphabet is used, the exact original spelling, including diacritic 
marks, is to be retained. Examples: Selysius , Lamcirckia , KnVihtria. 
AluUema. St alia. Kroyeria. Ibanezia , ATdbiusi, ATedici , Czjzehi. 
spitzbergensis. island icus. paraguay ernsis, patagon leas, barbadensis. 
feirdenms. 
Recommendations. — The prefixes sub and pseudo should be used only .with adjec- 
tives and substantives, sub with Latin words, pseudo with Greek words, and they 
should not be used in combination with proper names. Examples: subvirieUs, sub- 
ehelatus, Pseudaeanthus, Pseudophis, Pseudomys. Words like subidlscmi and pseudo- 
grateloupana are not recommended. 
The terminations aides and ides should be used in combination only with Greek 
or Latin substantives: they should not be used in combination with proper names. 
Geographic and patronymic names from countries which have no recognized 
orthography or which do not use the Latin alphabet should be transcribed into 
Latin according to the rules adopted by the Geographic Society of Paris (see 
Appendix G). 
AUTHOR’S XAME. 
Art. 21. The author of a scientific name is that person who first 
publishes the name in connection with an indication, a definition, or a 
description, unless it is clear from the contents of the publication that 
some other person is responsible for said name and its indication, defi- 
nition, or description. 
Discussion. — At first thought this rule appeals to many persons as 
unjust. Thus Smith & Kilborne described the parasite of Texas fever 
