47 
used in 1856 for a genus of echinoderms, Mallory was entirely justi- 
fied in recently changing the name of his genus to Cyclasterion , 1905. 
Art. 35 . A specific name is to be rejected as a homonym when it 
has previously been used from some other species of the same genus. 
Example: Taenia ovilla Rivolta, 1878 (n. sp.) is rejected as homonym 
of T. ovilla Gmelin, 1790. 
When in consequence of the union of two genera, two different 
animals having the same specific or subspecific name are brought into 
one genus, the more recent specific or subspecific name is to be 
rejected as a homonym. 
Discussion. — This rule scarcely needs any justification. To retain 
the same specific name for two or more different species in one genus 
would be to invite hopeless confusion. 
As a general proposition it is well to avoid the introduction of a new 
specific name into a genus if the same name is used in another genus of 
the same family. 
Art. 36 . Rejected homonyms a can never be again used. Rejected 
synonyms can again be used in case of the restoration of erroneously 
suppressed groups. Example: Taenia Giardi Moniez, 1879, was sup- 
pressed as a synonym of Taenia ovilla Rivolta, 1878; later it was dis- 
covered that Taenia ovilla was preocupied ( Taenia ovilla Gmelin, 1790). 
Taenia ovilla , 1878, is suppressed as a homonym, and can never again 
be used; it was stillborn and can not be brought to life, even when 
the species is placed in another genus ( Thysanosoma ). Taenia Giardi , 
1879, which was suppressed as a synonym, becomes valid upon the 
suppression of the homonym Taenia ovilla Rivolta. 
Discussion. — This rule is opposed by some authors, but it is in the 
interest of uniformity. It insures the use of the same specific name 
for a given species by authors who recognize the use of subgenera, as 
is used by authors who do not recognize subgenera. 
Recommendations. — It is well to avoid the introduction of new generic names 
which differ from generic names already in use only in termination or in a slight 
variation in spelling which might lead to confusion. But when once introduced such 
names are not to be rejected on this account. Examples: Pie 's, Pica; Polyodus, Poly- 
odon, Polyodonta, Polyodontas, Polyodontus; Macrodon, Microdon. 
The same recommendation applies to new specific names in any given genus. 
Examples: necator, necatrix; furcigera, furcif era- rliopalocephala, rhopaliocephalci. 
If from the radical of a geographic name two or more adjectives are derived, it is 
not advisable to use more than one of them as specific name in the same genus, but 
if once introduced, they are not to be rejected on this account. Examples: hispanus, 
hispanicus; moluccensis, moluccanus; sinensis, sinicus, chinensis; cylonicus, zeylanicus. 
The same recommendation applies also to other words derived from the same rad- 
ical and differing from each other only in termination or by a simple change in spell- 
ing. Examples: cseruleus , coeruleus; silvestris, sylvestris , silvaticus, sylvaticus; littoralis, 
litoralis; autumnalis, auctumnalis; dama, damma; fiumalis, fiuviatdis, fiuviaticus. 
a A homonym is' one and the same name for two or more different things, syn- 
onyms are different names for one and the same thing. 
