49 
cp, oi = oe 
final or = (epinmov) 
final os’ = us (opcpaXo 5 ) 
OV = U ( \0VTTffH0V ) 
yy — ng (ayyapeia) 
yX — nch (ayyi^ropov) 
y k — nc (avKi<jT pov) 
p = rh (pea) 
e — he (eppaza) 
(oiks 00 ) — Dioeca, Dendroeca, not Dioica, 
Dendroica. 
— Ephippium, not Ephippion. 
— Euomphalus, not Euomphalos. 
— Luterium, not Lotorium. 
— Angaria. 
— Anchistomum, not Angistoma. 
— Ancistrodon, not Agkistrodon. 
— Rhea. 
— Hermaea, not Ermsea. 
G. Transcription of geographic and proper names. 
The geographic names of nations which employ the Latin characters 
are to be written with the orthography of the country in which tlie}^ 
originate. 
The following rules apply only to the geographic names of countries 
which have no true alphabet or which use letters that are different 
from the Latin alphabet. 
Names of places, however, which have been established by long 
usage preserve their usual orthography. Examples: Algiers, Moscow. 
1. The vowels a, e , i, and 0 are pronounced as in French, Italian, 
Spanish, or German. The letter e is never mute. 
2. The French sound u is represented by u with dieresis, as in 
German. 
3. The French sound ou is represented by u , as in Italian, Spanish, 
German, etc. 
4. The French sound eu is represented by oe, pronounced as in the 
French word ceil. 
5. The long sound of a vowel is indicated by a circumflex accent; 
the interrupted sound is indicated by an apostrophe. 
6. The consonants b, d, f, j, k, l, m , n, p , g, r, t, v, and z are pro- 
nounced as in French. 
7. The letters g and s alwa} r s have the hard sound, as in the French 
words gamelle and sir op. 
8. The sound represented in French by ch is designated by sh. 
Examples: sherif , Kashgar. 
9. Kh represents the harsh guttural; gh represents the soft guttural 
of the Arabs. 
10. Th represents the sound which terminates the English word 
path (0 in Greek). Dh represents the sound which commences the 
English word those. 
11. Aside from such employment (9, 10) of the letter h modifying 
the letter which precedes it, h is always aspirated; the apostrophe is 
therefore never used before a word commencing with h. 
12. The semivowel represented by y is pronounced as in yole . 
