84 
The Multilocular Echinococcus— ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS MULTI- 
LOCULARIS « (Leuckart, 1863) Stiles, 1905. 
[Figs. 132 to 136.] 
A peculiar form of echinococcus cyst occurs in man and animals in 
certain localities, especially in Russia, Bavaria, Switzerland, Austrian 
Alps, and Wuerttemberg. Opinion differs as to whether it represents 
a distinct species or simply a modification of the ordinary form. It is 
here recognized as a subspecies. 
Subspecific diagnosis. — Echinococcus granulosus (p. 76): Strobila similar to that of 
the type form; some slight differences are reported, but these require further study 
and confirmation. 
Cystic stage attains the size of a fist or even of a child’s head, and represents a 
mass of numerous small cysts, 0.1 to 5 mm. in diameter; these cysts may communi- 
cate, according to some authors, or the cuticular layers are connected; brood capsules 
may be present; some of the cysts contain 1 to several heads, others are without 
scolices. This parasite is especially likely to undergo degeneration and represents 
the alveolarcolloid of certain authors. 
Habitat. — Cystic stage, especially in liver, but also in brain, spleen, suprarenal 
capsules, and secondarily through metastasis in various abdominal organs, also in 
lungs, heart, etc., of man, cattle, sheep, and swine. Adult strobila in dogs. 
Special medical significance. — The nature of this parasitic 
growth was long misunderstood. Zenker has shown that the parasites 
are located in the lymphatic vessels; but they show a pronounced 
tendency to grow into other channels, especially into the bile ducts. 
They cause a very serious condition which, in man, nearly always 
results fatally. 
Prevention. — Same as for the ordinary echinococcus, see p. 77. 
Family DIBOTHRIOCEPHAL1DZE. 
Collective Group SPARGANUM Diesing, 1865. 
Generic diagnosis. — Dibothriocephalidse : (p. 14) An artificial collective group to 
contain larval stages of bothriocephalid worms, which have not reached a stage in 
their development that they can be determined generically. 
Such grou} s do not require a type species. 
In man are found two immature parasites, which may be classified 
here. They are distinguished as follows: 
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SPARGANUM FOUND IN MAN. 
Worms attain 8 to 36 cm. in length and do not reproduce by fission or by the for- 
mation of supernumerary heads; Asia , ? Egypt, and South America 
Sparganum mansoni (p. 85). 
Worms attain 1 to 13 mm. in length and may reproduce by fission and by the for- 
mation of supernumerary heads; Japan S. proliferum (p. 86). 
a Synonyms. — Die multiloculare, ulcerirende Echinokokkengeschwulst Virchow, 
1856; Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863; Tumeur hydatique alveolaire Car- 
riere, 1868a; Echinococcus multilocularis hepcitis Haffter, 1875a; E. alveolaris Klemm, 
1883a, and Blanchard, 1886a; ?E. racemosus Leuckart, 1886; E. multilocularis exulce- 
rans Huber, 1896a; E. osteoklastes Huber, 1896a; Tsenia echinococcus alveolaris (Klemm, 
1883) Deve, 1905. 
