Part XIIL 
A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE RELATING TO OUR WORK. 
We feel it incumbent upon us to compare our results with the 
work of others and, therefore, have introduced this discussion upon 
the toxic action of serums in general, especially in relation to the 
production of immunity and hypersensitiveness. 
Note. — In this historical development we have drawn largely upon the splendid review 
of the literature as given by Uhlenhuth in “Zur Kenntniss der giftigen Eigenschaften des 
B]utserums ,, (Zeit. f. Hyg., v. 26, 1897), and C.Frh. von Pirquet and B. Schick in “Die 
Semmkrankheit ” (K. K. Universitats-Kinder-Klinik, Wien, 1905). 
Transfusion was formerly used as a therapeutic measure. The 
first reference to this practice is June 15, 1667, when von Denis 
transfused lamb’s blood (cited in Landois’s article on transfusion, 
Eulenburg’s Realenzyklopadie, 3. Auflage). This practice gradually 
fell into disuse but was again revived about the beginning of the last 
O O O 
century, when transfusion was used for acute anemia and poisonings. 
The intravenous injection of lamb’s blood was soon shown to be 
associated with great danger. High fever in half an hour, emboli, 
hemorrhages, hemoglobinuria, etc., were often noticed. The causes 
of these serious symptoms, as well as the scientific basis of our knowl- 
edge upon the effects of transfusion, were first made clear by the work 
of Landois and Ponfick in the years 1873 and 1875. These authors 
showed that the blood of alien species caused solution of the cor- 
puscles when brought into the circulation. Xa-unyn and Francken 
showed that the injection of dissolved hemoglobin into the circula- 
tion caused coagulation. Great numbers of the white corpuscles 
were so acted upon by the dissolved hemoglobin that the fibrin- 
forming elements were thus set free, resulting in the formation of 
clots within the vessels. When this coagulation is extensive, death 
may result from asphyxia. 
Dallera a in 1874 reported that urticarial eruptions may follow 
the transfusion of blood. 
a Dallera: Considerazioni e casi cliniei di transfusione del sangue. II morgagni, 1874, 7. 
(77) 
* 
