20 
His conclusions concerning liquid formalin were as follows: 
Concentrations of 1:10,000 make further growth of anthrax, chol- 
era, tj'phoid, staphylococcus pyog’enes aureus, and diphtheria impos- 
sible. 
One per cent solutions kill pathogenic germ cultures in one hour. 
In dilute alcoholic solutions the action is more intense. 
Three per cent solutions render the hands sterile. 
Articles ma}^ be disinfected by spraying with formalin solutions and 
inclosing air-tight. 
Feces are renderea germ free in ten minutes by 10 per cent solutions. 
Hammer and Feitler (d2) noted that formaldehyde in gas form or solu- 
tion is more active against anthrax and its spores than against various 
other bacteria. This has given rise to the idea that its bactericidal 
efficiency was greater than itrealh" was, because anthrax and its spores 
were assumed to be very resistant, and their destruction led to the 
assumption that other bacteria would be similarH influenced. Atten- 
tion is not called to this in the literature. Onh" Gruber notes how 
easily anthrax is killed. He says that anthrax spores placed in cattle 
cars and exposed twenty-four hours to the vapor developed b}^ spraving 
the inner walls with 10 to 20 per cent solution of formalin were killed. 
Bouillon cultures were exposed to various strengths of solution for 
various times and then carried over to agar (diphtheria to blood serum) 
and growth observed one week. 
Spore-free anthrax was alwa}^s killed by 1 per cent formalin after 
live minutes, while cholera, diphtheria, green pus, staphylococcus, and 
typhoid were only killed after one hour. 
Anthrax spores were killed b}" 1 per cent in two hours, b}" 0.1 per 
cent in one hour, and 0.5 per cent in ten minutes. 
Spores of other bacteria were killed as follows: 
Mjxoides, 0.5 per cent, onh^ after one hour. 
Subtilis, 0.5 per cent, only after twenty-four hours. 
Potato bacteria, 0.5 per cent, onh^ after twenty-four hours. 
Burring (13), to determine the germicidal properties of formalde- 
h}ffie, made tests with spores of B. antliraclH and Staphylococcus 
pyogenes aureus. Bouillon tubes with formaldehyde in the following 
proportions were prepared 1:3,000, 1:2,000, 1:800, 1:500, 1:300, and 
1:200 and inoculated with virulent cultures of above-named organisms, 
but shoAved no growth in any case. 
Thresh and Lowden (11) observed no sterilizing effect Avhatever with 
spra}^ which did not thoroughly wet the surface with the disinfectants 
used. 
Young, active cultures in bouillon of diphtheria, t}"phoid, p 5 mc}^aneus 
bacilli, and micrococcus prodigiosus were distributed b\" means of 
pipettes on surfaces, as wood, whitewash, wall paper; controls always 
