59 
nation of the congealing point for substances like anethol, and 
describes the method to be followed. 
9. THERMOMETRY. 
The Ph. Ndl. IV describes as luke warm water a temperature from 
30° to 40° C. ; warm water (aqua calida), 60° to 70° C. ; hot water 
(percalicla) , 85° to 95° C. The term to warm (calefacere) applies 
only to temperatures up to 100° C., for higher temperatures the term 
to heat (fervefac-ere) is applied. 
The Ph. Austr. VIII directs that the centigrade thermometer 
of Celsius be used for the determination of temperatures. By ordi- 
nary temperature a variation of from 15° to 20° C. is to be under- 
stood. Maceration is to be conducted at 20° C., digestion at 50° C., 
and the determination of specific gravity is to be carried out at 
15° C. 
The Ph. Belg. Ill directs that pharmaceutical operations and the 
determination of analytical data are to be conducted at 15° C. 
10. POLARIZATION AND REFRACTION. 
Whelpley, H. M., discusses the use of the polariscope, especially 
in the recognition of the volatile oils, and notes the need of a new 
chapter in some reference books on the use of the polariscope. — Proc. 
Missouri Pharm. Ass., 1906, pp. 122-121. 
Utz reviews the uses to which the Abbe refractometer may be 
applied in connection with pharmaceutical preparations. — Pharm. 
Zentralh., 1906, v. 47, pp. 896-897. 
Matthes, H., discusses the possible uses and the evident limitations 
of the immersion refractometer. — Chem. Ztg., Cothen, 1906, v. 30, 
pp. 101-102. 
Wagner, Binck, and Schultze outline methods for the production 
of normal solutions and give some practical hints on the use of the 
Zeiss immersion refractometer. — Ibid., v. 30, pp. 1181-1183. 
11. APPARATUS. 
An abstract (from Chem. News, Feb. 16, 1906, 71) discusses a fill- 
ing device devised by Edward French with which ordinary burettes 
may be rendered self-filling, and thus, after having been calibrated, 
do not require to be discarded. A description of the apparatus is 
given. — Proc. Am. Pharm. Ass., 1906, v. 54, pp. 591. 
Eanwez, F. (Ann. de Pharm. octobre, 1906), figures a very simple 
apparatus, a modified U tube, for the production of gas in small 
quantities, as they are generall} 7 used by pharmacists. V ith 50 gm. 
the apparatus will disengage 12 liters of H 2 S. — Abstr. in J. de pharm. 
et de chim. Par., 1906, v. 24, pp. 561-563. 
