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CON V ALL ARIA. 
Henkel, Alice, mentions Conoallaria majalis L., commonly called 
convallaria, lily of the valley, as being found on the higher moun- 
tains from Virginia to the Carolinas. — Bui. Bur. Plant Ind., U. S. 
Dept. Agric., 1906, No. 89, p. 23. 
Maurel, E., finds that the pigeon is more susceptible to the action 
of convallamarine than is the rabbit or the frog. The intravenous 
method can not be employed in the rabbit ; in this animal it is twice 
as active as is the hypodermic. Intramuscular and hypodermic 
injections are more active than gastric ingestion. — J. de pharm. et 
de chim., Par., 1906, v. 24, p. 286. 
Maurel, before the Biologic Society, announced that convallamarine 
in therapeutic doses is surely a vaso-constrictor and an accelerator 
of the circulation. In these doses it is also toxic to the heart; but 
the mortal dose does not necessarily kill the animal through the 
heart. — Ibid ., p. 325. 
COPAIBA. 
Weigel, G., asserts that the Ph. Ndl. IV requirement that copaiba 
dissolve in double its volume of 90 per cent alcohol is not in keeping 
with fact, as frequently this drug will not dissolve in double its vol- 
ume of 96 per cent alcohol. — Pharm. Zentralh., 1906, v. 47, p. 398. 
Caesar and Loretz point out that the requirements made for co- 
paiba by the Ph. Ndl. IV and the Ph. Austr. VIII are particularly 
worthy of note. — Geschafts-Ber. v. Caesar & Loretz in Halle a. S., 
1906, p. 11. 
van Itallie and Nieuwland discuss the composition of Surinam co- 
paiba, particularly the resin, the resene, and the sesquiterpenalcoliol. 
They also report a comparative study of the color reaction of Para, 
Bahia, Angostura, and Surinam copaiba with a mixture of sulphuric 
acid and acetic acid anhydride. — Arch. d. Pharm., Berl., 1906, v. 244, 
pp. 161-164. 
Weigel* G., discusses the several properties of the balsam derived 
from Hardwickia pinnata and its relation to copaiba and gurjun 
balsam. — Pharm. Zentralh., 1906, v. 47, pp. 773-776. 
Caesar and Loretz assert that copaiba should have a specific gravity 
that ranges between 0.970 and 0.990 at 15° C. On heating, the result- 
ing resinous mass should not be hard and brittle. The tests depend- 
ing on solubility in 70 per cent alcohol, amyl alcohol, chloroform, and 
petroleum ether are not considered reliable. The determination of 
the acid and ester number is considered useless unless it can be shown 
that the drug is free from added rosin or gurjun balsam, which may 
be used to regulate these factors. — Geschiifts-Ber. v. Caesar & Loretz, 
in Halle a. S., 1906. pp. 88-89. 
