250 
Geo. Hell & Co., in Troppau, report that the specific gravity of 
copaiba was found to vary from 0.9SG to 0.992 : the residue on drying 
at 100°, 51.08 to 60.25 per cent; the acid number 76.5 to 87.6; and the 
ester number 76.5 to 87.6. — Pharm. Post, 'Wien. 1906, v. 39, p. 150. 
Utz discusses the possible application of the refractometer in the 
examination of copaiba and the detection of probable adulterations. 
Reports a series of experiments. — Apoth. Ztg., Berl., 1906, v. 21, pp. 
72-73. 
Schimmel & Co. caution against attaching too great value to the de- 
termination of the refractive index of copaiba by itself ; when it is a 
question of slight adulterations this method will fail more readily 
than the usual one. The same applies to Rosenthaler's test, which de- 
pends on the observation of the colorations produced by a solution 
of vanillin in hydrochloric acid. — Semi-Ann. Rep., Schimmel & Co., 
1906, April-May, p. 22. 
Walbum discusses copaiba tests and outlines a method for the 
detection of rosin in copaiba which depends on the red brown color 
produced by rosin with dilute ammonia. — Arch. f. Pharm. og Chem., 
Copenhagen, 1906, v. 13, pp. 281-288. 
Utz suggests the determination of the saponification and ester num- 
bers of copaiba with separate quantities of the drug. He records his 
exjDeriments and points out that in many instances the resulting fig- 
ures are much lower with a cold saponification than with the Ph. 
Germ., IY, method. — Apoth. Ztg. Berl., 1906, v 21, p. 205. 
Beille, L., asserts that gurjun balsam tends to replace the use of 
copaiba in France. — Bull. Soc. de Pharm de Bordeaux, 1906, v 46, 
p. 180. 
Lackey, R. H., quotes a correspondent who asserts that copaiba is 
generally adulterated and that this adulterated balsam will respond 
jmoperly to the tests. — Proc. Pennsylvania Pharm. Ass., 1906, p. 115. 
Gane, E. H., reports a lot of copaiba containing only 16 per cent of 
resin. He asserts that copaiba is still frequently adulterated with 
gurjun balsam and that it is the exception to find the pure article. — 
Proc. Am. Pharm. Ass., 1906, v. 54, pp. 330, 336. 
Patch, E. L., reports on 10 samples of copaiba which yielded from 
31 to 48 per cent of resin, average 40 per cent. Of other samples 
examined one contained common rosin, and five contained fixed oil or 
gurjun balsam. The samples of Central American copaiba yielded 
from 50 to 56 per cent of resin. — Ibid., v. 54, p. 336. 
Vanderldeecl, Chas. E., asserts that but one sample of copaiba, of 
many examined, was found to be adulterated with added resin. — Proc. 
Pennsylvania Pharm. Ass., 1906, p. 122. 
Ohliger. Willard, reports that copaiba continues of bad quality, 
the most common adulterant still being gurjun balsam; also contains 
