and on the Salmon Fisheries, 345 
‘‘Gumljerland, buy it for the purpose of using it as hait in fishing upon those 
lakes;” p. 119. 
With regard to the mode of spawning^ it is gratifying to peruse- the testi- 
mony of eye witnesses. Mr Halliday, after having stated that “ they general- 
ly spawn in the running water, , at the foots of fords and the tops of fords, 
where the gravel is fine, and low down in the foot of pools where the water 
begins to fun, so as to asdst the salmon in removing the gravel,” (p. 60.), 
thus describes the process : ‘'‘ When they proceed to the shallow waters, which 
is generally in the morning, or at twiMght in the evening, they play round the 
ground, two of them together. When they begin to make the furrow, they 
work up the gravel rather against the stream, as a salmon cannot work with 
his head down the stream, for the water going into his gills the wrong way 
drowns him ; and when they have made a fuiTow, they go a little distance, 
the one to one side and the other to the other side of s the furrow, and throw 
themselves on their sides when they come together, and, rubbing against each 
other, they shed their spawn both into the furrow at once.” — “ I have seen 
three pair upon a spawning-bed at a time in the Annan ; I have stood and 
looked at them, both while making the furrow and laying the spawn.” — .“.They 
do not lay it all at once. It requires from about eight to twelve days for 
them to lay their spawn.” — “ I have often taken a number of these kelts 
with the skin rubbed off below the jaws, just between the chowk fins (pecto- 
rals), almost the size of a halferown, with rubbing up the gravel, and making 
the holes for the spawn.” — “ A male fish’s head is always larger in propor- 
tion to his size than a female’s, and it begins to shoot smaller at the point 
p. 62. “ The spawning-bed is easily known by the thrown-up gravel ; 
when I took my foot off the hard gravel, and put it on the spawning bed, it 
was quite soft p. 65. In reference to grilses, he adds, “ They spawn the 
same as the sahnon.” — “ I have frequently seen them spawning in the au- 
tumn;” p. 64. Mr Little speaks in an equally decided manner. “ I have 
frequently looked at the salmon spawning. “ — “ When they begin their bed 
first, it is like one fiirrow ; -they make a furrow in the shallow part or current 
of the water, where they begin thdr spawn, and they continue working against 
the stream, until they have formed a bed of perhaps twelve feet by eight or 
^ ten,” — “ for one pair of salmon.” — “ In the instance I was alluding, to, when 
I saw these salmon first, the bed was very little, but it increased every day. 
I observed the salmon go very leisurely down the side of the bed, and go just 
round where they have thrown up the gravel, and come back to the same point 
next the stream ; as soon as they came up to this place, they threw themselves 
on their sides, and worked one against the other, at the same time rubbing 
their noses against the. gravel, till they came to the other corner of the bed, 
and then they feR leisurely round until they came to the same place again, 
at the top of the bed next the stream, where they went through the same pro- 
cess ; they continued in tMs way &r many days, working, and if it so happen- 
ed that they were frightened, they would run away, and in a Rttle time return 
to it again.” — “ It takes them some considerable time before they get all their 
spawn deposited ; several days ; and I have known them, when they have been 
frightened away, go and leave their spawning-beds, and begin at other places.“ 
— “ The bed is covered as they go along.” — “ Both assist in it, and while in 
