144 
R. T, Young 
Seattered thru the granulo- fibrillär reticuluin of the sub-cuticula 
are numerous small, irregularly shaped granules, which I consider nuclear 
matter arising de novo in the svncitium. 
I have earefully compared my sections of tliis material, which was 
kindly fumished me by Dr. Child, witli his deseriptions and drawings of 
amitosis in Moniezia (Child 1904 and 1907 a. b, c, d), and I find manv 
eases which probably represent tliis process. I have already, however. (1. c., 
p. 243) called attention to the expressed uncertainty of Child regarding 
the origin of the new »nucleoli« in amitosis. I have also (1. c., p. 236) 
pointed out the unfortunate character of tliis term as applied to the nuclci 
of Taenia serrata and its larva. and I hope to sliow later that these are 
not true »nucleoli«, but are rather the essential cliromatic element of the 
nucleus. If now the new »nucleolus« does, as I believe. arise indepen- 
dently of the old. then the process of amitosis does not differ essentially 
from one of de novo formation, as I have previously shown (1. c., p. 237). 
In the anlagen of the future genital ducts a rapid multiplication of 
nuclei is taking place. Here evidence as to their de novo origin is uncer- 
tain, owing to their closely packed condition. Such as it is, however, 
1 believe it favors tliis theory, for tliere are present nuclei in varying 
stages of development, from tliose witli definite »nucleoli«, and relatively 
definite membranes, to those witli indefinite membranes and »nucle- 
oli«, and finally to those which lack botli of these. being merely masses 
of granules seattered thru the syncitium. But wliat evidence is tliere 
that these granulär masses are developing nuclei? First, transitional 
stages exist between the fully formed nuclei and these masses, and 
secondly by analogy witli Taenia crassicollis one must conclude that 
tliey are nucleo-albuminous in character, for in that worm micro- 
chemical tests show that similar masses are of tliis nature. The nuclei 
vary in shape as well as in definiteness of outline, some being spherical, 
otliers ovoid and still otliers irregulär, wliile tliey vary more tlian 100% in 
size. Tliey appear in some cases to arise as small granules in the retic- 
ulum to which are added otliers, the wliole forming a densely staining 
mass of nuclear matter in which a tvpical nucleus is later developed. In 
other cases, one or more granules or »nucleoli« develop and surround 
themselves later witli a membrane, or botli mav arise simultaneously. 
Tliere occur in tliis tissue some possible cases of (direct) nuclear 
di vision, and that tliis metliod of multiplication may play an important 
part in nuclear increase here I cannot deny. That it plays the sole, or 
even the ehief part is, however, rendered improbable by the oceiurence 
of the nuclear variations which I have just described. 
