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Freda M. Bachmann 
ascogone. The basal cells of the eoil, which give rise to paraphyses, 
Darbishire terms the “paraphysogone”. 
Wahlberg (84) in 1901, not convinced that asci and paraphyses 
arise from distinct liyphal Systems, made a study of the development of 
the apothecium in several species of Anaptychia and Physcia. In Anapty- 
chia ciliaris he foimd liyphal coils both with and without trichogynes. 
By merely treating the material with potassium liydroxide and chloriodide 
of zinc and then crusliing it he thought he succeeded in demonstrating 
that asci and paraphyses have a common origin. He was unable to de- 
termine the significance of the trichogynes but thought it probable that 
they form some of the paraphyses. 
Bitter (8) noted the production of spermogonia in a number of 
species of Parmelia. In some of these species, although many spermo- 
gonia are produced, only an occasional apothecium develops. From 
this fact the author concludes that at least in this group the spermatia 
function as asexual conidia. However, he did not think that this fact 
weakens the probability of their sexual nature in other lichens ; he thought 
ratlier that they may be either asexual conidia or male gametes according 
to conditions. In Parmelia obscurata (Ach.) he found numerous early 
stages of apothecial development with their trichogynes. In one form 
of this species, which he calls “glauca”, numerous and large apotliecia 
are developed; in another, which he calls “obscura”, the apotliecia are 
scarcer and smaller. Since spermogonia are seldom found, he concludes 
that the trichogynes are probably not fertilized by the spermatia, but 
that they develop independently of the latter. 
In a second paper, Baur (4) described the early stages of apothecial 
development in several lichens of different families. In eacli species the 
ascogenous hypliae were found to originate from typical carpogones. 
In Parmelia acetahdum he found many more carpogones produced than 
apotliecia. Betiveen the apotliecia may be found groups of disintegrated 
carpogones of which nothing is left but the sheath. Since this species 
produces numerous spermogonia the ostioles of which are between the 
triehogyne tips, it appears, as Baur says, either that cross fertilization 
is necessary or eise that the spermatia have nothing to do with the further 
development of the carpogone. In Pertusaria communis D. C. in which 
Krabbe had found no indieation of sexuality nor an independent origin 
of asci and paraphyses, Baur found the carpogones in groups of as many 
as twenty. Disintegrating carpogones or carpogones changed into vege- 
tative hypliae are never found. It appears that almost every carpogone 
group gives rise to an apothecium. The ascogones give rise to the asco- 
