388 
Freda M. Bachmann 
As aiready noted, no organs resembling the spermogonia of other 
lichens have been found in my material. There are, however, small 
groups of cells in the same thallus and in the same part of the thallus 
in which the carpogones occur whicli, because of their rescmblance to 
the spermatia of other lichens and their relation to the trichogynes, I 
have concluded are the spermatia. These cells are borne in scattered 
groups imbedded in the thallus at a depth of 100 to 300 microns from the 
upper surface. They are ovoid or more often slightly pear-shaped cells, 
often more or less constricted in the center (Fig. 15, PI. XXXI; Figs. 53, 
54, PI. XXXV). They are 2 to 3 microns wide and 9 to 12 microns long. 
They stain lightly. There may be but few in a group — sometimes only 
two or as many as 14 or 15 may be found in a single cluster. If only 
a few are present they are borne terminally, if more, some may be ter- 
minal and others lateral. They arise by wliat appears to be a process 
of budding from certain slender, lightly staining hyphae. The cells of 
the hyphae bearing them are often much shorter than the spermatia; 
sometimes the latter are quite long and narrow (Fig. 37, PI. XXXIII). 
Frequently they form such dense groups tliat the exact manner of their 
origin is difficidt to determine. Very commonly they are found free, 
suspended in the jelly of the Xostoc. Apparently when mature they 
are not at all firmly attached to the filament on which they are borne. 
There is no evidence in such sections tliat they have been torn away 
by the process of fixing and cutting. It is not impossible that the strain 
which results from the alternate loss and absorption of water by the 
gelatinous thallus is sufficient to separate the spermatium from the 
spermatiophore. 
I have frequently found scattered in the thallus at some little distance 
below the upper surface rather large cells witli walls somewhat thickened. 
These cells are stained much more deeply than the slender hyphae on 
which they are borne. They frequently contain two nuclei. Very often 
there are several such cells very dose together (Fig. 20, PI. XXXI), and 
in such a case it is not always easy to see their relation to ordinary 
hyphae. I have never observed tliat these cells are in any way related 
to the formation of carpogones. A few times I have found such cells 
in dose proximity to groups of spermatia (Figs. 22, 23), and it occurred 
to me that they were in some way related to the production of the male 
cells. In one instance the spermatiophore certainly appears to eome 
directly from such a cell (Fig. 23, at «). There is also no doubt as to 
the origin of this large binucleate cell. By changing the focus this cell 
appears as sliown in Figure 24. It is very evident that it is merely 
