The Origia and Development of the Apothecium etc. 
375 
shoot is homogeneous. Hence Krabbe recasons that either the aseogenous 
hyphae grow out as vegetative hyphae into this new shoot, later to assurae 
their typical form again, or eise they are formet! anew with each hymenium. 
Krabbe does not regard these outgrowths as cxceptional or abnormal. 
In Lecidea pilati Hepp., Krabbe finds a similar formation of secondary 
apothecia. In Pertusaria communis and P. leioplaca D. C. et Ach., se- 
condary apothecia are developed from the periphery of the primary 
apothecium by an active branching and growing out of the tissue forming 
the paraphyses. In this case the aseogenous hyphae come from the 
primary apothecium. The number of apothecia may also be increased by 
a division of the primary apothecium. Such a division is the result of 
walls of tissue developed by a branching of the tissue forming the para- 
physes. Krabbe has described still another method of the formation 
of secondary apothecia in Phlyctis agelaea Ach. In this species he admits 
the possibility of sexuality, since from the first the hyphae giving rise 
to asci and those giving rise to paraphyses are distinct. The secondary 
apothecium here is developed from the hypothecium and by its growth 
either carries the old apothecium further up or grows through the middle 
of it. 
A year later, in a second paper, Krabbe (58a) concluded from a 
study of several species of Cladonia that the podetium of this genus is 
not to be considered a part of the thallus of the liehen but rather a part 
of the reproductive shoot, since, with the apothecia and spermogonia 
borne on it, the podetium forms the real fruit body. Again he says vege- 
tative hyphae are gradually transformed into aseogenous hyphae and 
these again may revert to the vegetative condition. In Cladonia stellata 
eveti the asci may grow into vegetative hyphae in case no spores have 
been formed. Since the apothecia develop in a purely vegetative manner, 
Krabbe regards the spermatia as asexual conidia. 
Füxfstück (40) in 1884 described a vegetative origin for the fruit 
body in the genera Peltigera, Peltidea, and Nephroma. In Pelti- 
gera, he found nothing to suggest a male organ, and the female organ 
rudimentary. The latter arises from a vegetative hypha and has no 
trichogyne. It is made up of several large, thin-walled cells which are 
necklace-like, but as growth eontinues they may become separated be- 
cause of increased turgor. The transformation of a thallus hypha into 
an ascogone is very gradual; the cells enlarge and the content changes 
so that it is not possible to say exactly where the ascogone begins. Fünf- 
stück says it seems possible that every hypha in this region may become 
an ascogone. He found no spermatia in the genera Peltigera and 
