102 
BULLETIN OF THE LABORATORIES 
the freestones of the middle Waverly in Ohio, lie chronologically 
somewhat above the Chemung and include the Catskill epoch, 'bhe 
upper member doubtless includes equivalents of the base of the Bur- 
lington sandstone. The Cuyahoga shale presents a problem still diffi- 
cult of solution, but we suspect a surprise awaits geologists when it is 
carefully studied. It is probable that the black or Ohio shale lies be- 
low the horizon of the t\ pical Genesee. 
In conclusion, it seems that no better evidence were necessary to 
convince one of -the continuity of animal existence than that here af- 
forded. Not only do rigid lines of stratigraphy break down, but 
hard and fast specific distinctions are obliterated and we begin to see 
how the retreating and advancing and ever-varying sea flung the 
shuttles back and forth, weaving the intricate pattern of historic 
geology without ever breaking the thread of life or resetting the web. 
But every new struggle brought out hitherto undeveloped possibil- 
ities in life and, instead of perishing, life ever came off victor by virtue 
of implanted aspiration and the environment of conscious force — God. 
Note: — After the first portion of this paper was in type, accumulated ob- 
servations place the stratigraphy of the lower portion of the series on a more 
definite footing, showing the nodule layer so often mentioned to lie about 40 feet 
below the horizon of Leinpteria ortoni and Crenipecten subcardiformis, and 
hence between 60 and 80 feet below the congl. I, at Union Station, south of 
Granville. 
PLATE I. 
Fig. I. Spirifer winchelli, sp. n., small dorsal valve. 
Fig. 2. Spirifer, '-p? 
Fig. 3. Spirifer marionensis? 
Fig. 4. Chonetes gracilis? 
Fig. 5* 
Fig. 6. Spirifer striatiformis, var? ^ 
Fig. 7. Syringothyris cuspidatus, var? 
Fig. 8 Spiriferina solidirostris? 
Fig. 9. Modiola waver lyensis, sp. n. 
Fig. 10. Pleurotomaria strigillata, sp. n. 
Fig. II. 
, Fig. 12. Conocardium pulchellum. 
Fig. 13, Streblopteria media, sp. n. 
Fig. 14. Ctenodontd iowensis. 
Pig. 15. Internal cast of same species as Fig. 10. 
