174 
BULLETIN OF DENISON UNIVERSITY. 
in-icia, -ilia, -inia, etc., for the first of the three vowels must be a,e, 
or o). 
1 8. Vowels sounded short. Whatever its classical length (4), 
a vowel is pronounced short in the following cases : 
(a) . In final syllables ending in a consonant; but final -es is 
pronounced like the English word ease. At/iyris (ath^-i-ris), Atropa 
(aE-ro-pa), Myriopoda (mir^^-e-6p^-o-da), bicolor (bic^-o-lor), Schizodus 
(skiz^-o-dus), Macrochilus (mac^^-ro-ki^-lus), Promacra (prom^-a-cra), 
Polypora (po-lip'-o-ra), Dohchonyx (do-lik^-o-nix), Trichostema (trik^^- 
o-ste^-ma), FeK-i-dae, Granatocrinus (gran^^-a-toc^-ri-nus). 
(b) . In any syllable before two consonants (except a mute with 
1 or r). 
(c) . In any accented syllable (except the penult) before one or 
more consonants. Of course, it makes no difference whether the 
accent is primary or secondary. 
To this most important rule there are two exceptions only : 
(1) . All words described under 17, e: 
(2) . The vowel u before a single consonant (tu^-ni-ca^-ta, su'^- 
bu-li^-tes). This (18, c) and the rule for accenting pollysyllables with 
short penult (2, b) are closely connected. Both are very frequently 
violated, often in the same word, — far more frequently than any other 
rule. 
It is to be especially noted that, while the first vowel is long (i7,d) 
in such words as Fe-lts, Ca-nis, A-phis, sto-ma, it is short (i8,c)insuch 
asFeh-i-d^, Can'-i-dae, Aph'-i-des, stom'-a-ta. All names of families 
in -idae have the penult short. 
In nearly all compounds of Greek origin, the penult vowel, when 
followed by a single consonant, is classically short ; and the antepenult 
is accented and pronounced short. Here belong all words ending in 
the following : (The same word may appear in different compounds 
with various endings, -us, -a, -um, es, -os, -on, -e, -is, etc. Only 
one form is given. The preceding vowel is retained in some cases to 
prevent confusion with other endings). 
