508 
Max Morse 
writer cannot corroborate this Statement as far as bis material is 
eoncerned. On tbe contrary, throughout tbe cyst in whicb the cells 
are presenting tbe synapsis stage, all of tbe cells, without exception, 
sbow a decided contraction of tbe tbreads along with the polariza- 
tion. Living cells bave been examined, as described earlier in tbe 
paper and in them one may readily see the same pbenomenon ex- 
bibited. Moreover, smear preparations whicb bave not been passed 
through any tixing solution, but were permitted to dry and later 
were stained in Bismarck Brown sbow the same condition. Miss. 
Sargant ('97), Overton (’05) and Wilson (’09) bave seen synizesis 
in living cells. 
Aside from tbese considerations, tbe writer bas determined tbat 
the polarization of tbe cbromatin tbreads during the growtb period 
bears a constant relation to the centrosomes. Wben the cbromosome 
whicb migrates around tbe periphery of tbe nucleus begins to leave 
its fellow, it is followed by a number of the cbromatin loops. This 
leads to tbe conclusion tbat it is some interaction between tbese 
bodies and tbe centrosomes whicb give rise to the phenomena. Tbe 
evidence seems to be sufficient to prove conclusively that synizesis 
is a normal process of tbe cell. 
c) Synapsis and reduction. As described earlier in tbe present 
paper, the writer believes tbat his observations warrant the conclusion 
tbat a side-by-side conjugation of tbe cbromatin tbreads occurs during 
the synizesis stage. Such a process bas been described for only one 
insect (Otte '06), althougb it has been found by other workers on 
different forms (see Davis ’08 for list). The clearest case is tbat of 
Tomopteris as described by the Schreiner’s (’OG) althougb recently 
severe criticism bas been urged against the conclusions of tbese 
workers by Goldschmidt (’08 b), Fick (’08) and Meves (’08). Inas- 
much as tbere are rnany points of similarity between the Schreiner’s 
description and tbat of the present writer, tbe criticism of tbese men 
weigh likewise against the present case. 
Fick (’07) holds tbat tbere is no conjugation of ready formed 
cbromatin tbreads as the Schreiners describe, but that conjugation 
takes place while tbe cbromatin is in tbe form of diffuse granules 
whicb become marshalled into place to form the chromosomes of 
later periods. This is the "Maneuverhypothesis” of Fick. He 
believes that the process observed by tbe Schreiner’s is one of 
longitudinal Splitting and Bouin sees an actual doubling of tbe nu- 
clear material during synapsis. Fick urges tbe siguificance of the 
