PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE 151 
know and to do what a soldier must do, and ^Ho locate every 
man that had any kind of special skill that the Army might 
need.’^ The methods followed in working up these different 
tests, as well as the results obtained by their use, are significant 
as indicating the way the thing must be gone at if any contribu- 
tion to vocational guidance is to be made from this source. In 
formulating the trade tests, to use this set of tests as an example. 
The committee sought material from all promising sources. These 
included skilled mechanics in all the trades represented, trade-union 
officials, employment managers, factory superintendents and foremen, 
the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, civil service examiners, 
and Army officers in all branches of the service. 
A first-hand study was made of the mechanic on his job. With the 
assistance of skilled workers in each trade, the essential elements of 
the processes involved were selected and classified. These were then 
translated into questions which might be used to test the capacity of 
the worker. 
In addition to the oral test, here described, there were picture 
and performance tests. ^^The picture test required the candi- 
date to identify certain technical processes and details relating 
to the trade, and the performance test required the candidate 
to carry through some operation, or construct some piece of 
work, which involved the essential processes of the trade.” 
Raymond Dodge points out the fact that 
These tests standardized for the first time in America the classifi- 
cation of novices, apprentices, journeymen, and experts in the most 
important trades. The scientific care with which these trade tests were 
prepared may be indicated by the fact that each test before it was 
adopted passed through a process of development, trial, and evaluation 
consisting of twelve distinct stages. 
A question in one of these finished-up tests for telephone 
repair men is given by Randall in the American Magazine for 
April, 1919: 
Some of the questions (the trade test questions) are very interesting. 
For example here is one that will set off a journej'-man telephone repair 
