PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE 155 
Then, if Christmas comes in March, make a cross right here .... 
but if not, pass along to the next question, and tell where the sun rises. 
. . . . If you believe that Edison discovered America, cross out 
what you just wrote, but if it was some one else, put in a number to 
complete this sentence: horse has .... feet.” Write yes, 
no matter whether China is in Africa or not . . . .; and then 
give a wrong answer to this question: ‘‘How many days are there in a 
week?” .... Write any letter except g just after this comma, 
and then WTite no if 2 times 5 are 10 ... . Now, if Tuesday 
comes after Monday, make two crosses here . . . .; but if not 
make a circle here .... or else a square here .... Be 
sure to make three crosses between these two names of boys: George 
. . . . Henry. Notice these two numbers: 3, 5. If iron is heavier 
than water, write the larger number here . . . ., but if iron is 
lighter write the smaller number here .... Show by a cross 
when the nights are longer; in summer? .... in winter? 
. . . . Give the correct answer to this question: “Does water 
run uphill? .... and repeat your answer here .... Do 
nothing here (5 + 7 = . . . .), unless you skipped the preceding 
question; but write the first letter of your first name, and the last 
letter of your last name at the end of this line: .... 
There is need for improvement in the general intelligence tests 
both in their character and in their use. Thorndike points out 
the fact that they are not, as their name might indicate, tests of 
“all intellectual abilities,’’ but only of such abilities as are 
involved “in learning from lectures and books and dealing with 
ideas and symbols.” He says, illustrating his point: 
In the army test Alpha, a test whose data are largely words and 
numbers and whose score is largely determined by speed, stenogra- 
phers and typists score enormously better than tool makers, gun- 
smiths and locomotive engineers, etc., and almost on a level with civil 
and mechanical engineers and physicians. 
It is his opinion, therefore, that “our present standard tests 
of intelligence need to be greatly extended and improved; and 
expectations from them need to be kept modestly in line with 
the facts.” One other caution may be appended, namely, that 
not even vocational psychology can do more toward guiding 
