MUSICAL INSTEUMENTS OF DENISON COLLECTION 
29 
the use of a crudely rolled horn, while natural whistles literally 
grow on bushes wherever reeds and bamboo are found. 
The weight of authority, however, is with the former theory, 
as is also the evidence of ethnology. In fact, all seems to point to 
the following arrangement, which also coincides with relative 
difficulty of manufacture and complexity of idea 
I. Indefinite percussion 
II. Wind instruments — pipe type 
III. Wind instruments — horn type 
IV. Definite percussion 
V. Stringed instruments — without fingerboard 
VI. Stringed instruments — with fingerboard 
VII. Stringed instruments — with bow, without and with fingerboard 
VIII. Multipipes — organ type. 
I. INDEFINITE PEKCUSSION 
1. Ngoma (war drum) — Africa, This most primitive type of 
drum is a section cut from a tree-trunk. Hollow trees are still 
occasionally used as drums, and the attempt to make such sta- 
tionary instruments portative, probably produced the first drum 
of this character. This drum is 96.8 cm. in length by 34 cm. in 
diameter at the largest end. The body is cut down by a sudden 
shoulder to a diameter of 12.5 cm. at the smaller end. The drum 
is crudely hollowed out, and this small end has an opening 8 
cm. in diameter, surrounded by a tin collar but with no leather 
head. This narrowing, and the small opening, even without a 
head, greatly aids the sonority. The rawhide head at the larger 
end is fastened to the drum by three rows of wooden pegs. Two 
sets of three wooden projections and one of two, were left on the 
drum when carved, to be used as handles or for thongs. 
2. Ndunga — Africa. This drum is 304 cm. (9 feet 8 inches) 
in length, and is interesting as one of the few drums of this type 
in American collections. Drums of still larger size are made by 
the natives. This tree-trunk has been trimmed with greater 
care than the Ngoma above, to 26.5 cm. diameter at the large 
end and 12 cm. at the smaller. Both ends are covered with hide 
and are strung together by ten thongs of rawhide with hair 
2 This outline has been simplified for use with illustrations selected. 
