34 
KARL H. ESCHMAN 
head of a mallet, is a section of bamboo 10 cm. in diameter and 
13 cm. long. The skin head is fastened on with wooden pegs 
which project irregularly. 
19. Urheen — China. This type is one of the oldest Chinese 
stringed instruments. Although this specimen shows great care 
in construction, having inlaid pegs and top, it is almost as primi- 
tive as no. 18, because the hair of the bow passes between the 
strings ; and, as the strings are too far from the neck to be stopped, 
only one combination of tone is possible. The improvement 
over no. 18 is mainly in the strings themselves, which can be 
tuned to f ^ and c ^ . The rasping sound of this open fifth is 
the only musical effect of this instrument. The bow is an 
advance, having something of the contour of a modern violin 
bow, but it does not seem to have been given the care bestowed 
on the instrument itself. The cylindrical body 11.5 cm. long by 
8 cm. diameter, is made of wood covered with a snake-skin 
head. 
20. Fiddle — Thibet. The body of this fiddle is made from a 
cocoanut shell, with a skin head fastened down over half the 
surface of the shell. A bundle of horse-hairs is stretched from 
the head to a peg in the handle. The wooden bridge is not 
fixed to the face of the head but is tied to the neck of the instru- 
ment by a 'string, and placed in position only when the hair is 
tightened. The hair of the bow does not pass between the hair 
of the string in this case. An interesting feature of this instru- 
ment is the fact that the maker has used part of an old flute for 
the neck, placing the mouth hole near the head and leaving four 
finger holes at the other end, into one of which the peg is placed. 
This use of old material at hand is characteristic although un- 
expected. Personal and tribal traits of this sort add interest to 
any collection of primitive instruments. 
VIII. MULTIPIPES — ORGAN TYPE 
21. Muhso flute. — Burma. A reservoir made from a calabash 
gourd has five open pipes. The open pipes make possible a 
second tone from each pipe, by closing the lower holes which 
open on the bottom of the gourd. Because of the difficulty of 
