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IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 
have been reported in this country as well. Toxic substances, one of which is 
known as taxine C37H52O10N. 
Pinaceae. 
36. Juniperus communis, L. Common juniper. 
Poisonous, especially the oil obtained from the juniper berries. Rusby 
and others refer to the poisonous nature of this plant, and Schaffner records 
that goats are poisoned by eating the leaves. Common only in lime and sand- 
stone rocks in Northeastern Iowa, also Hardin and Linn counties. 
37. Juniperus virginiana, L. Red Cedar. 
Common in Northeastern and Eastern Iowa, but also widely scattered in 
the state. The leaves contain the same principle found in the juniper, and 
according to Schaffner, are poisonous to goats. The oil produces abortion and 
poisoning has resulted from its use. The oil of Cedar has well known anti- 
septic properties. An aromatic body cedren C 15 H 24 , oil of cedar from which 
cedren-camphor Ci 3 H 2 60 has been obtained. 
38. Juniperus scopulorum. Sarg. 
Commonly cultivated in the state, probably poisonous, like the preceding. 
39. Juniperus sabina, L. Swedish juniper. 
Occasionally cultivated in the State. Poisonous, like the preceding species. 
MONOCOTYLEDON AE. 
HELOBIAE. Alismaceae. 
40. Alisma plantago, L. Water plantain. 
Recorded as being poisonous. 
41. Sagittaria latifolia, Willd. Large arrow head. 
The milky juice is somewhat bitter. The plant is edible, when cooked. 
The root stocks of several species of the genus are eaten by the Indians and in 
China. 
GLUMIFLORAE. Gramineae. 
42. Andropogon sorghum, Brot. Sorghum. 
Second growth sorghum has frequently been reported as poisonous to live 
stock; this is due to the formation of hydrocyanic acid in the wilted leaves. 
43. Setaria italica, Kunth. Millet. 
Both the German Millet and the Hungarian Grass are poisonous to horses, 
acting especially on the kidneys. The poisoning is probably due to a glucoside. 
44. Stipa spartea Trin. Needle Grass, or Porcupine Grass. 
The sharp pointed callus often inflicts serious injuries; the fruits work 
their way under the cuticle into the flesh of the animals, and in some in- 
stances they have even penetrated the intestines. 
45. Stipa comata, Trin. Western needle grass. 
Somewhat injurious, like the preceding. Only found in N. W. Iowa. 
46 Stipa viridula, Trin. Sleepy grass. 
This grass has been introduced here and there in the state, and has been 
suspected of producing stupor in horses. It is doubtful whether this is the 
one usually referred to in the west as the sleepy grass. 
47. Avena sativa, L. Common oats. 
The chaff of this grass sometimes produces balls in the stomachs of horses, 
known as phytobezoars. 
