IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 
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48. Avena fatua, L. Wild oats. 
Common only in a few counties in northern Iowa. Sometimes causes me- 
chanical injuries on account of the pointed callus of the fruit. 
49. Lolium temulentum, L. Darnel. 
The grain of this grass is injurious when ground in with flour. It produces 
stupor and symptoms resembling drunkenness. The poisoning is due to the 
fungus found in the seed. Principle loliin a glucoside. 
50. Hordeum vulgare, L. 
The chaff and awns of barley are often injurious, especially when coming 
in contact with the mucous membrane, not only in man, but in lower animals. 
51. Hordeum jubatum, L. Squirrel-tail. Wild Barley. 
Common throughout the state. This grass produces mechanical injuries in 
animals that feed on hay containing it, the awns working their way in be- 
tween the teeth and maxillae, where they cause inflammation and the forma- 
tion of pus. 
52. Agropyron repens, Beauv. Quack grass. 
Widely distributed in northern Iowa. Produces a. slight irritation of the 
mucous membrane. Contains triticin C 12 H 22 O 11 . 
LILIIFLORAE. Lilaceae. 
53. Zygadenus elegans, Ph. Swamp camas. 
Common in northern Iowa. In the western states it is regarded as pois- 
onous to cattle and sheep, occasionally causing death. It is not as poisonous 
as some of the other species of the genus. 
54. Arisaema triphyllum, Torr. Jack-in-the-pulpit. 
It is widely distributed in the state. The corm is known to be very acrid 
and poisonous, but when boiled or roasted the poisonous substance is expelled. 
55. Arisaema dracontium, Schott. Dragon’s-head. 
Widely distributed, especially in eastern and central Iowa. The corm is 
somewhat acrid. The corm is used to destroy insects, said to be a good 
vermifuge. The action of the plant in fresh condition is somewhat similar 
to ammonia. 
56. Symplocarpus foetida, (L.) Raf. Skunk Cabbage. 
Local only in a very few places. Said to be poisonous, causes vomiting, and 
temporary blindness. The juice is acrid and the plant has a very disagreeable 
odor. 
57. Melanthium virginicum, L. Bunch-flower. 
Common only on low grounds in eastern Iowa. The root stocks are re- 
garded as poisonous, but reports have come to us of the poisonous effect of 
the leaves and stems on horses, when occurring in hay. 
58. Veratrum woodii, Robb. False Hellebore. 
Found in Southeastern Iowa. Poisonous like the eastern white Hellebore 
and the western California Hellebore. Probably contains jervine C 21 H 27 NO 8 , 
and cevadina C 32 H 4 DO 9 and cevadine C 27 H 4 ENO 2 . 
59. Allium canadense, L. Wild onion. 
Widely distributed; common in low pastures. Milk is flavored where cattle 
feed on the plant. 
60. Allium tricoccum, Ait. Wild Leek. 
